The Cleveland No.1 Cemetery constitutes Scott Street Park and a vehicular access track running north-south to the park from Queen Street. Surrounded by residential allotments and located between Lisa Street (west) and Scott Street (east), the entire area is grassed with numerous large shade trees, consisting mainly of eucalypt species. No headstones or obvious signs of grave plots remain visible. A mound, approximately three metres wide runs south along the vehicular track from Queen Street and angles from the northwest to southeast across the identified cemetery reserve towards the playground located in the southeast quadrant of the park. The mound is approximately 40-50cm high at its apex and is likely related to the installation of services such as water into or through the park.
\nA playground area is also located within the park and measures approximately 10m x 15m. It is delineated by concrete edging and filled with sandy loam to approximately 10cm depth below the current ground surface. The installation and use of the playground equipment is unlikely to have caused major subsurface disturbance. There is a bench and a water tap situated adjacent to the north of the playground area, and timber bollards used to delineate the park area. None of the modern elements installed in the park are of archaeological importance.
\nAdjacent to Lisa Street is a memorial plaque commemorating the early burials in the cemetery. The plaque is installed on a white concrete base and is surrounded by a white timber picket fence approximately 1m high. The inscription on the plaque consists of lead letters and reads:
\n'IN MEMORY OF SOME 25 PIONEERS RESTING HERE.
\nSYDNEY A. LYONS. 1816-61. FATHER OF QLD PRESS.
\nJ. NEALE. FISHERMAN. WILLIAM RAE. PUBLICAN.
\nJOHN DAWSON. ANDREW WHELAN. BLACKSMITH.
\nROBERT HAMILTON. BRIDGET CLAREY. CHILD.
\nHENRY BOTTOMLEY. CARPENTER.
\nWILLIAM SHERRIN. 1862-64.
\nGEORGE SHERRIN. 1844-66.
\nERECTED BY SENIOR PUPILS, CLEVELAND PRIMARY SCHOOL
\n& COURTESY OF REDLAND SHIRE COUNCIL.
\nCENTENARY YEAR OF EDUCATION 1975.'
\nAn interpretation sign is installed adjacent to the memorial stone at the Lisa Street access to the park.
","history":"Cleveland No.1 Cemetery, comprising an area now known as Scott Street Park in Cleveland, is the site of the first cemetery established on the mainland in Redlands. Throughout the operation of the cemetery between 1858 and 1873, at least 11 burials are known to have occurred (it is unknown if these have been removed or reinterred to the Cleveland No.2 Cemetery). The place has the potential to contribute knowledge that will lead to a greater understanding of the early history and demography of European settlement in the Redlands region, and of burial practices from this time. The place is currently parkland and includes a memorial to people interred at the cemetery.
\nPrior to European settlement, the Cleveland area was part of the traditional land of the Quandamooka People.[1]
\nCentred on Cleveland, the area which was to later become Redland Shire was one of the earliest areas in Queensland to be opened to free settlement following the closure of the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement in 1842. Its location on the shores of Moreton Bay saw substantial efforts to establish Cleveland as the official port for the Moreton Bay District.
\nCleveland was declared as a township in December 1850. The first land sales took place in 1851. The earliest European settlers in the area had interests in pastoralism, business and shipping.[2]
\nA site for the first cemetery in Cleveland was surveyed by H. Rawnsley in December 1858 on a site bounded by Wellington, Queen, Russell and Smith Streets, within section 83, Parish of Cleveland. Seven separate sections were surveyed for various denominations including Church of England, Presbyterians, Wesleyans, Roman Catholics, Jews, and 'Various Denominations'.[3] By 1864 the population of the Cleveland Township was 145, with the main occupations being labourer, farmer and timber-getter.[4]
\nThe cemetery was used until 1873 when it was deemed to be unsuitable due to the 'swampy nature of the soil'. Section 112 immediately across Wellington Street to the west was gazetted as the new cemetery.[5]
\nThere are 11 identified burials in Cemetery No.1 in the 15 years between its establishment in 1858 and its replacement in 1873, including:
\nSystematic historical research into individual burials has not been undertaken. The exact number of burials at the cemetery remains unknown. It is also unknown whether any burials were removed and reinterred at the Cleveland No.2 Cemetery.
\nThe most prominent of the known individuals buried in the cemetery is Arthur Sidney Lyon, who died in Cleveland on 22 October 1861.[7] Note that he is incorrectly recorded on memorial stone and interpretation signage at the cemetery as Sydney Arthur Lyons. Lyon established the Moreton Bay Courier with partner James Swan with its first edition released on 20 June 1846. The Moreton Bay Courier later became The Courier-Mail. Lyon apparently resigned as editor in December of the following year following arguments with his partner [8], however he is still listed as the publisher for the newspaper until its purchase by Theophilus Pugh in May 1861.[9] Lyon went on to establish and run the Moreton Bay Free Press from 1849 to 1855, the Northern Australian in Ipswich from 1855 to 1858, followed by the Darling Downs Gazette from 1858, presumably until his death in 1861.[10]
\nBy 1903, the original section 83 had been divided into four lots of around five acres each. The 1903 survey plan of the cemetery identifies a surveyed rectangular area within the cemetery reserve area containing 23 lines, possibly indicating graves. It is uncertain whether these markings represent the actual number of graves visible at the time of survey or whether they indicate a general acknowledgement of the presence of graves.
\nIn October 1905 land in Section 83 was offered for sale except the cemetery which was withheld from auction because of its previous use. Cleveland Shire Council objected to the sale of the land 'on the grounds that several people have been buried therein and that it was once used for a cemetery. Unless absolutely necessary, a reserve of this description should never be alienated'.[11]
\nThe council objected again to the lease of the land in 1924, and raised the issue again in 1937. A cemetery reserve was finally gazetted as R1436 on 11 September 1937 with access provided from Queen Street.[12]
\nA memorial with the names of ten persons interred in the cemetery was erected at the site by teacher Merv Beitz from Cleveland State School as a practical history exercise for his class. The plaque on the memorial was supplied by Redland Shire Council. By the memorial was erected there were no headstones or other grave markers at the site.[13]
\nIn 2024, the cemetery site is situated in Scott Street Park and is surrounded by residential development. It comprises a grassed and landscaped space with a recent playground.
","criteria":"The Cleveland No.1 Cemetery is an important aspect of Queensland's history being the site of the first cemetery established on the mainland in Redlands, one of the first areas opened up to free settlement in southeast Queensland. The cemetery is important historically as the burial site of Arthur Sidney Lyon (1861) who was known as 'The Father of the Queensland Press'. Lyon established the Moreton Bay Courier, amongst other early newspapers.
The importance of the cemetery to the community was memorialised in 1975 through the installation of a memorial stone identifying those known to have been buried at the No.1 cemetery. The presence of interpretive signage demonstrates a continuing community association with the place.
The Cleveland No.1 Cemetery has the potential to provide new and important information that will contribute to our understanding of the early history and demography of settlement in the Redlands region. Archaeological investigations at the site have potential to reveal subsurface evidence of the actual location and number of burials in the cemetery. Such investigation may answer important research questions about the organisation and layout of the cemetery and how this differed from the original plans. Archaeological investigations also have the potential to reveal information about whether graves were later moved to the nearby (and later) Cleveland No.2 Cemetery.
Additional archaeological investigations have potential to contribute to the comparative analysis of burial practices across Queensland and through time. Important research questions can be formulated about the actual burial practices in early satellite settlements and regional communities.
Archaeological investigations at the site have potential provide important information about social structures within an important and early European settlement in Queensland's history. Social structure will be expressed through the pattern of burials and layout of the cemetery.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion C","criteria_definitions":"The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15544,"place_ref":600769,"name":"St Pauls Anglican Church","alternate_name":"St Paul's Anglican Church","street_address":"Cross Street","suburb":"CLEVELAND","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"This is a small brick church, now rough-cast and limewashed. Seen framed by spreading figs from the road approaching Cleveland Point, it is a simple, gothic, buttressed form, with a heavier polygonal porch.
An octagonal spire stands on the southwest end of the ridge of a steep gabled roof, clad in asbestos cement slates. The spire, with pinnacle clad in smaller slates, has a lancet louvered vent to each face.
All windows in the original church and chancel are lancet shaped. There are four tall windows each side of the nave. The northeast chancel, attached under a smaller gable, is end-lit by three stained glass windows. A smaller window is placed under the main gable, centrally above the chancel roof. In the southwest wall there are windows either side of the porch, and a smaller one, central above the porch roof.
The porch, in rendered concrete, has more elaborate stepped buttresses, a hardboard ceiling and a concrete floor. A rectangular window, facing southwest, incorporates a pair of dominant lancet panes.
The position of the former vestry roof, on the southeast, is indicated by marks on the external render. A timber door leading from the church to the former vestry has been removed and the opening brick-filled and rendered.
Internally, moulded timber trusses span a nave of four bays. Moulded plaster surrounds frame the chancel arch. Walls are of white-washed plaster, with recent varnished vertical boarding around the walls of the nave. The ceiling is of beaded tongue and groove boarding.
The stone font, now painted, stands outside in a paved area, with low garden walls and planting contemporary with the adjacent 1980s church.
","history":"This small brick church was constructed in 1873-74 for the Anglican congregation in Cleveland, on land donated in 1870 by George Thorn of Ipswich. Prior to this, services were held on the verandahs of the former Court House (c.1853) (QHR 600770) and the Grandview Hotel (c.1852) (QHR 600771).
St Paul's was the first Anglican church constructed at Cleveland. St Andrew's, at nearby Ormiston, was constructed c1868, but remained a private chapel for the use of the Hope family and employees, until transferred to the Anglican Church in 1882.
The Cleveland church was designed by Brisbane architect and engineer James T Furnival, and was erected at a cost of nearly £500. The first service was held in 1874 and the church was consecrated early in 1876. The first resident minister was appointed in 1877, and boundaries to the Parish of Cleveland were defined in 1878.
In 1898 the exterior walls, which were probably face brick work, were rendered. Asbestos roofing slates were substituted for the original wooden shingles in 1908, and an earlier weatherboarded and buttressed spire was replaced by the present structure in the same year.
In 1924, as a golden jubilee project, a porch designed by Brisbane architect Lange L Powell was added, and some work was carried out to the foundations. It is not known if the weatherboard vestry removed in the early 1980s from the southern elevation of the chancel was part of the original construction. A free standing belfry, a picket fence and Norfolk Island Pines have been removed as well.
In the 1980s, a new church was constructed adjacent to the 1873-74 building. The earlier building is now principally a venue for youth activities.
","criteria":"St Paul's Anglican Church, Cleveland, erected in 1873-74, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history, being associated with early European settlement at Cleveland, and with post-separation expansion of the Anglican Church in Queensland.
|It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a small, gothic-styled brick church of the 1870s.
|It exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, including its picturesque form and its setting in the streetscape.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion D | Criterion E","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15545,"place_ref":600770,"name":"Ye Olde Court House Restaurant","alternate_name":"Ostend | Cleveland Court House & Lockup","street_address":"1 Paxton Street","suburb":"CLEVELAND","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"The former court house, [the earliest section of what is now an extended restaurant], is a single-storeyed painted brick building. It is a compact rectangular form, low set and abutting the footpath line, where Paxton Street leads down to Moreton Bay.
The hipped corrugated iron roof is bell-cast over the front and former verandah spaces along the rear and eastern side. On the western end, the hip incorporates a timber louvred ridge gable, with curved metal finial.
The front verandah is sheeted to sill height with weather-boards, in a bowed profile, fixed to shaped studs. The floor is timber boarded, and the roof unlined. Of a likely original six bays, four and part of the fifth remain open, with simple timber posts and brackets. Over remaining bays weatherboarding continues full height.
Windows in the front wall are six-paned sashes, opening inwards. Sills are of unpainted stone. Rear wall windows, now internal within the restaurant extension, are four-paned sashes. A bay window projects from the western wall. The sill is precisely shaped, painted masonry. Adjoining this bay, the wall is rendered, and ruled with stone course lines.
Internal walls are of painted brick, generally in English bond. Two are built in stretcher bond. Moulded cornices are consistent throughout. Ceilings are tongue and groove boarding. Circular fretwork vents are central to five existing ceilings. An unpainted brick fireplace remains in seasonal use. A second fireplace, originally from the Bellevue Hotel in Brisbane, has been installed in the enclosed verandah space adjoining the restaurant extension. The new section incorporates other relics of historic buildings. It extends the restaurant into an L-shape, around a recent paved and planted courtyard.
Ye Olde Court House Restaurant retains a significant historic form, in the early low-set open verandah abutting Paxton Street.
","history":"The brick core of this building is thought to have been erected c1853 for Hon. Francis Edward Bigge, MLA [NSW] and his brother Frederick William Bigge, following their purchase of the site in January 1852.
At the time, the Bigges were developing a number of trading, timber, warehousing and maritime activities at Cleveland Point, which had served as the port for Dunwich during the penal settlement of Moreton Bay. It is thought this building was erected as quarters for their workers at the Point.
Later the building was rented to the Commissioner of Police as the residence, court house and lockup for the district constabulary, until about 1880.
William Ross, a retired Brisbane furniture dealer and later chairman of the Cleveland Divisional Board, acquired the property in 1882, occupying it as his residence. He borrowed heavily against this property from the Queensland National Bank in 1889. By the mid-1890s Ross had returned to South Brisbane, where he died in 1895. The Queensland National Bank subsequently exercised its power of sale over the Cleveland property, and in April 1907 title was transferred to Charles Frederick Allen of Cleveland.
Extensions to the building appear to have been made in the late nineteenth century or early twentieth century.
The building remained a residence until the early 1960s, when converted into tearooms. When a large extension incorporating a restaurant and living quarters was added in 1977 to the northern elevation, the building assumed its present form and function as a restaurant.
","criteria":"Ye Olde Court House Restaurant at Cleveland, the core of which was erected c1853, is important in demonstrating the pattern and evolution of Queensland's history, being associated with the earliest phase of European settlement at Cleveland, and with the establishment of the administration and enforcement of European law in the Redland district.
|It makes an aesthetic contribution to the Cleveland Point townscape, in particular the bowed verandah section, set low abutting the footpath where Paxton Street leads down to the sea, which is valued by the Cleveland community.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion E","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15546,"place_ref":600771,"name":"Grandview Hotel","alternate_name":"Cleveland House | Brighton Hotel","street_address":"49 North Street","suburb":"CLEVELAND","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"The Grand View Hotel, a complex of buildings with a predominant two-storeyed masonry section built up to the footpath line on North Street, is located on the spur leading to Cleveland Point and overlooks water on three sides.
Open verandahs on each level of the two-storeyed section face the street, returning around the northeast elevation. The curved verandah roof is set down below a main roof of hipped perimeter. One chimney rises above the ridges.
The verandahs have cast iron balustrade, brackets and valance, alluding to, but differing from, an earlier design. Below the balustrade is a patterned boarded timber frieze. Rear and southwest verandahs are enclosed with flat sheeting.
The principal internal walls are of rendered brick. A wide central hall divides each level. The upper level, structurally intact, includes an ornate fireplace and has been adapted as private living quarters. French doors with fanlights open onto the verandahs, and a spacious stairwell, with painted turned timber balustrade, is lit by skylight through a tapering timber boarded shaft.
The lower level contains reception rooms and a kitchen. A large room with a marble and tiled fireplace opens to the northeast through french doors, with casement windows above, which may date from the 1850s. The main entrance, in the northeast wall, has side lights of clear and red glass with an early stencilled glass fanlight. The main foyer, formerly verandah space, contains some early brickwork free of paint or render.
Abutting the two-storeyed structure, on the southwest face, is a small chamferboard, single-storeyed building with a hipped roof and a separate curved roof over a narrow verandah. It opens on to the beer garden and, internally, a portion of the higher, boarded ceiling remains.
Adjoining these buildings is a complex of rooms, under shallow skillion roofs, surrounded by parapets.
The public bar contains a series of miniature wall paintings depicting local historical events.
","history":"The core of this complex of buildings was erected in the early 1850s for the Hon. Francis Edward Bigge, MLA (NSW), who purchased the site in August 1851.
In the 1840s and 1850s squatters from the Darling Downs and Ipswich interests urged for recognition of Cleveland Point, which had served as the port for Dunwich during the convict period, as the port for Moreton Bay. Francis Bigge, a grazier from Mt Brisbane Station, was one of the leading lobbyists. In the early 1850s he invested heavily in industry and housing at Cleveland.
The earliest section of the hotel, built as a prominent demonstration of confidence in Cleveland's future development, appears to have been erected by 1852, but appears to have remained unoccupied for several years. Known colloquially as Bigge's Folly, and formally as Cleveland House, it contained two sitting rooms and five bedrooms with a kitchen and servants' rooms connected via a covered passageway. The core was surrounded by a 3 metres wide verandah.
From 1855 to 1860 John Vincent Cassim, a Kangaroo Point boarding house keeper, leased Cleveland House as a boarding establishment. Stabling, a coach-house, store and tap were erected in mid-1860. By 1862 the building had been leased by publican William Rae as the Brighton Hotel, with its own bathing-house and jetty, and 10 tonne pleasure cutter.
The building also served as a venue for Anglican services prior to the construction of St Pauls Church of England (QHR 600769) nearby in 1874.
In 1878 the property was acquired by publicans Andrew and Mary Goodall, and the hotel appears to have been extended to the southeast. Major alterations that give the building its present two-storeyed form are likely to have been carried out in the late 1880s or mid-1890s, when the rail service was opened to Cleveland Central and later extended to Cleveland Point. It became known as the Grand View Hotel c.1910, and remained in the Goodall-Singh family until 1936.
Other outbuildings have been added since the 1940s. Five miniature, representational murals on the wall behind the public bar probably were painted in the 1950s, and the complex was renovated in 1982 and again in 1992.
The Grand View continues to operate as a hotel, and is one of the oldest hotels in Queensland in continuous use.
","criteria":"The Grand View Hotel at Cleveland, the core of which was erected in the early 1850s, is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of early European settlement in Queensland, its construction illustrating the diverse forces operating within that pattern.
|It contains surviving evidence of one of the earliest buildings in Cleveland. The Grand View Hotel demonstrates a rare aspect of Queensland's history, as one of the oldest extant hotels in Queensland in continuous use.
|The building is important in exhibiting a landmark quality and contribution to the Cleveland Point townscape, which is valued by the Cleveland community.
|The place has a special association with FE Bigge and the movement to establish Cleveland as the port for Moreton Bay, and Ipswich as the capital.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion E | Criterion H","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15547,"place_ref":600772,"name":"Cleveland Lighthouse (former)","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Shore Street North","suburb":"CLEVELAND POINT","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"This is a timber-framed, hexagonal, tapering weatherboard tower, with glazed top panels capped by metal roofing. A narrow walkway, with pipe rail, surrounds the upper level, supported on metal struts.
External boarding is white painted with a notable chamfered lower edge. Timber stops, full height between each face, are round-edged. A timber boarded door, complete with early hardware, opens at ground level to the west. Small four-paned windows appear at first and second levels, in the opposite eastern face.
The interior is unpainted except for a priming coat evident on many new timbers. The cross-braced timber framing divides into three above-ground levels of timber decking, connected by a ladder.
At the top level five clear glazed panels and one red perspex panel overlook the water. Under the sill in the western face, a painted timber hatch opens on to the boarded walkway. A 200mm diameter cast iron pipe about one metre high stands bolted to the centre of this floor. The light has been removed from the slotted upper flange. A 100mm diameter central capped vent leads through the metal roof.
The reconstructed lighthouse retains its early form, and is set amidst shade trees near the loop road on Cleveland Point.
","history":"The former Cleveland Lighthouse was built late 1864 to early 1865 by the Queensland government, on an ungazetted reserve at Cleveland Point.
It comprised a fixed kerosene light, equal in power to a sixth order dioptric light, placed on the summit of a wooden tower at an elevation of 10.6 metres above high water mark. Visible at a radius of 14.5 kilometres, it was used by small craft trading to Cleveland, the Logan River and other places in the southern portion of Moreton Bay.
It was not the first light at the Point. A government light was first displayed there in April 1864, and prior to this the Hon. Francis Edward Bigge MLA [NSW], a grazier who lobbied in the 1840s and 1850s to establish Cleveland as the port for Moreton Bay, had erected several lights at Cleveland Point at his own expense.
The 1864-65 lighthouse at Cleveland Point was the first built in Queensland under the direction of the colony's first portmaster and marine surveyor, Captain GP Heath RN. It was a prototype for subsequent similar, timber-framed lighthouse structures, which could be relocated as the sandy coastline channels constantly shifted and reformed.
In 1874 the lens apparatus from the Comboyuro Point light was placed in the Cleveland lighthouse. A still more powerful apparatus, thought to be the one currently at Cleveland which bears a Chance Brothers, Birmingham, maker's plate dated 1875, was installed in 1879. A red sector was incorporated into the light in 1920. In 1934 the illuminant was changed to electricity and a round concentrated filament lamp was placed inside the prisms of the light.
The lighthouse was re-sited in 1975 to permit a new lighthouse to operate from the established nautical position. Some reconstruction was done at this time. The lens apparatus was removed and is displayed in the tower of the Redland Shire Council Offices.
","criteria":"The former Cleveland Lighthouse, erected in 1864-65, is important in demonstrating the pattern and evolution of Queensland's history, being one of the first lighthouses built in the colony of Queensland, and a prototype for subsequent timber-structured lighthouses. It is significant also for its association with the early European settlement of Cleveland.
|It demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage, being one of the few remaining polygonal lighthouses of its type in Queensland and the only extant timber-structured, timber-clad 19th century lighthouse in Moreton Bay.
|The former Cleveland Lighthouse is important in being one of the first lighthouses built in the colony of Queensland, and a prototype for subsequent timber-structured lighthouses.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion D","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15548,"place_ref":600773,"name":"Dunwich Cemetery","alternate_name":"One Mile Cemetery","street_address":"Bingle Road","suburb":"DUNWICH","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"Dunwich Cemetery overlooks Moreton Bay and is bounded to the west by a camping area. It is otherwise circled by Flinders Avenue, Bingle Road, East Coast Road and Yabby Street: a section on the north west faces a jetty. The reserve comprises an open grassed area scattered with mature trees and extends over 3.295 hectares. The cemetery is thought to contain approximately 10,000 burials, largely those of inmates of the Benevolent Asylum, though most of these are unmarked.
The cemetery reserve is entered from Flinders Avenue on the south through a gateway at the centre of a brick columbarium. In the north western corner are a cluster of memorials including those of the 26 passengers from the Emigrant, which are identified only by metal trefoil markers and a modern metal sign bearing all their names. Nearby are the graves of Dr David Ballow and Dr George Mitchell who attended them. The memorial over the Ballow grave is in the form of a sarcophagus and that over the Mitchell burial a stone obelisk; metal railings enclose both. There is also a memorial to Dr Patrick Smith, the first Medical Superintendent of the Benevolent Institution from 1885 to 1900 and sundry other memorials.
Near these memorials is a triangular brick structure, enclosed by a metal railing and bearing nameplates. This is constructed of bricks from the old Asylum laundry and commemorates those lying in unmarked graves.
There is also a cluster of memorials on the north east side of the cemetery and scattered across the reserve.
","history":"The first burials at Dunwich cemetery are believed to date from 1847 and it is one of the earliest surviving cemeteries in Queensland.
The European settlement of Stradbroke Island began in 1827 when a convict out-station was established at Dunwich to serve the Moreton Bay convict settlement based at Brisbane town. During 1827-28 a warehouse and accommodation for convict labourers, boatmen and soldiers were constructed. However, this settlement at Dunwich was short lived as problems with unloading goods in poor weather, smuggling, and hostile Aborigines, resulted in the closure of the out-station in 1831.
Between 1843 and 1847 the first Catholic Mission to Aborigines in the Australian colonies was established at Dunwich, with four Passionist Fathers occupying the former convict buildings. The mission failed, largely due to the poor state of the buildings in which it was accommodated, and the high degree of exposure of the indigenous peoples of Stradbroke Island to Europeans. However, Dunwich continued to be utilised by the government for a variety of institutional purposes for which its isolation rendered it particularly suitable, both for health reasons and in response to social and cultural values of the time.
Quarantine procedures were instituted in Australia in 1841 and in the following year Moreton Bay was thrown open to free settlement. In late 1849, in consideration of the numbers of free settlers who were expected arrive in Moreton Bay, the Colonial Secretary requested the Police Magistrate in Brisbane to suggest a suitable site for a quarantine station. North Stradbroke Island was proposed and in July 1850, Dunwich was gazetted as a quarantine area. At this time, some burials had already taken place at Dunwich, presumably at this site. The first is believed to be that of sailors from the Sovereign in 1847.
Within two months of the opening of the quarantine station, the ship Emigrant, with an outbreak of typhus on board, reached Moreton Bay. The ship was ordered into isolation at Dunwich, where a further 26 of its passengers died. They were buried at the cemetery, along with the Queensland Surgeon-General, Dr David Ballow, and the ship's doctor, Dr George Mitchell, both of whom attended the immigrants.
In 1867 the quarantine station was transferred to Peel Island, and the Queensland government officially established the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum in the former quarantine buildings, although Asylum inmates were housed at Dunwich from as early as 1864. The Asylum accommodated the elderly, disabled or infirm who had no other means of support. At the time, institutionalisation was considered to be the appropriate treatment of those who were unable to fulfil a useful role in society. Accommodation on an island close to Brisbane, yet separated from it, effectively removed Asylum inmates from society and made administrative control easier. The isolation of the island also made it a useful place to treat conditions believed to be infectious and a lazaret was established at nearby Adam's Beach in 1892, where it remained until moved to Peel Island in 1907. From 1896 the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum housed inebriates. Consumptive patients were also taken until 1935, but were accommodated in isolation 'camp'.
In 1946-7 the Dunwich lands were subdivided and the remaining Asylum inmates, mainly aged people, were removed to Sandgate Eventide Home, occupying a former RAAF base. All the Dunwich ward buildings were sold, dismantled and either moved to different sites within a newly surveyed Dunwich township, or removed to the mainland for government purposes. In June 1947 the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum was officially closed and the area was redeveloped for residential and other private purposes. In the 80 years spanning 1867-1947, 8,426 former inmates of the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum were buried in the Dunwich Cemetery. Those buried are believed to include many who were descended from the traditional owners Stradbroke Island.
After cleaning up the grounds in late 1947, control of the cemetery, which was on Crown Land, passed to the Department of Health and Home Affairs, though it was a matter of some dispute as to who should be responsible for its maintenance. It was not an official cemetery reserve and proposals to proclaim it as such were suspended in 1949, as Trustees had to be appointed. The cemetery was officially closed to further burials in 1952. Though a local, PIN Dickson, acted as an honorary caretaker in the 1950s, the cemetery gradually fell into disrepair as headstones and grave markers suffered from vandalism and theft.
In 1970 the Redland Shire Council agreed to become Trustees for the cemetery, providing that the government carried out the necessary survey. This was completed in 1973 and on 13 April 1974 the area was officially gazetted as a cemetery reserve with the Redland Shire Council as Trustees.
Restoration work was carried out on the cemetery in 1987/88 with the aid of Bicentennial grants and plans were made for a memorial wall. This was constructed of bricks from the former Asylum laundry, which had been demolished, by the sand-mining company Consolidated Rutile Limited, in honour of all the inmates lying in unmarked graves. Nameplates have been attached to it as the names of those buried have been confirmed by research.
A metal sign listing the names of the 26 immigrants buried at Dunwich was unveiled in the cemetery in 1993.
","criteria":"Dunwich Cemetery is one of the earliest surviving cemeteries in Queensland and is associated with the early European settlement of North Stradbroke Island and the Moreton Bay Region. The burials of passengers from the 1850 typhus epidemic aboard the Emigrant and those of the doctors who treated them are evidence for the early use of North Stradbroke Island as a quarantine station. The large number of burials of inmates of the Benevolent Asylum between 1867 and 1946 link the cemetery to this important phase in the history of the Island. They are evidence for 19th and early 20th century government policies and community values regarding health and social welfare that determined the isolation of the poor, elderly, infirm and diseased from the mainstream of society.
|The reserve has a long association with the community of Stradbroke Island and has particular significance to the descendants of those buried in the cemetery.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15549,"place_ref":600774,"name":"St Andrews Church","alternate_name":"St Andrew's Church","street_address":"Wellington Street","suburb":"ORMISTON","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"This is a small church of early, single-skin, board and batten construction. It is clearly seen from the road, framed and backed by mature trees.
Its corrugated iron gable roof is aligned north-south, with a belfry over the northern entrance and a gable roof porch attached. The main entrance doors are four-panelled with early furniture.
On the south, the gable roof chancel extends at a shallower angle to the east over a vestry addition.
Finials decorate the belfry and northern end of the gable; the southern finial has been removed. The gutters have been removed recently.
Windows to the nave are lancet-shaped with two rectangular sashes and a pointed fixed sash above, all with a central glazing bar. There are casements in the chancel and vestry.
Internally, the nave floor is of hardwood tongue and groove boarding. Floor boarding is pencil-edged in the porch, and shot-edged in the vestry.
Hardboard lining which concealed the nave walls has been removed since 1987, exposing the boards and battens, which have been painted recently. Original shingles under the iron roof can be seen clearly over the nave, and remain unpainted.
Pews are of scrubbed beech.
The early structure of the church is evident and interesting in a picturesque setting.
","history":"This board and batten timber church was erected on the Hon. Louis Hope's Ormiston estate c.1868, as a private chapel, Sunday school and schoolhouse.
Hope had acquired land in the Raby Bay area in 1853-55 on which he created the Ormiston estate and sugar plantation, where the Hope family resided from c.1864-5 until their departure for England in 1882. The immediate property surrounding Ormiston House comprised over 200 acres bounded by Raby Bay, Hilliards Creek and Eckersley Street, but Hope's holdings in the area also included large tracts of land between Hilliards and Tingalpa Creeks.
Hope was influential in establishing the sugar industry in Queensland, producing the colony's first commercially milled sugar at Ormiston in 1864.
The land on which St Andrews Church stands was purchased by Hope from Thomas Lodge Murray-Prior in mid-1863.
The chapel is believed to have been constructed by James Yorston, a Scottish employee on Hope's estate. The timber was cut at Ormiston, pit-sawn to size, and dressed and shaped with an adze.
Originally the chapel stood amongst bunya pines and a number of flowering trees, and was separated from the road by a three-rail split post and rail fence with a picket gate. The early building had a shingled roof and double-hung, six-paned sash windows, and rested directly on the ground with a cement floor. The chancel and vestry are later additions.
The chapel pre-dated the first Anglican church at Cleveland by at least six years. Initially services were conducted either by lay persons of by clergy from St Marys Church of England parish. As well, the building served as a school for the children of employees on Hope's estate, until establishment of the Cleveland No.2 School (Ormiston State School) in 1872.
In 1882 the Hopes transferred the chapel on 0.2 hectares of land to the Anglican Church as a gift, and along with St Pauls at Cleveland [1874] (QHR 600769) it became part of the newly created Cleveland parish [1881]. The church never has been dedicated.
Major renovations were carried out in 1905 and 1920, and by 1924 substantial termite damage necessitated repairs. In the 1930s the building was standing on a brick plinth. In the 1960s the interior was lined and an inscription on the chancel arch was removed.
Since the late 1950s the church has been maintained by the Friends of St Andrews, a non-denominational group. Services are still conducted there.
","criteria":"St Andrew's Church at Ormiston, erected c1868, is significant historically for its association with the early development of European settlement in Cleveland, and with the Hon. Louis Hope and the establishment of the sugar industry in Queensland.
|It is significant as rare surviving evidence in southeast Queensland of board and batten construction, and for the intactness of the building and its fittings.
|(Criterion under review)
|It is significant for the grace and integrity of its architectural form.
|The place has a community and spiritual association as the earliest Anglican church in the Cleveland parish.
|(Criterion under review)
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion D | Criterion E | Criterion G | Criterion H","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons | The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15550,"place_ref":600775,"name":"Ormiston House Estate","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Wellington Street","suburb":"ORMISTON","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"Ormiston House Estate consists of a complex of buildings including the main house, a slab kitchen, former store, laundry, lodge and extensive grounds. A large monastery was built to the north. The property overlooks Raby Bay to the east, with the grounds extending to the water's edge with terracing to mangrove wetlands along the foreshore.
The single-storeyed brick house has a T-shaped plan form, encircled by verandahs, and two small rooms on the northwest. The building has a hipped corrugated iron roof, with the south section having two parallel hips with south gables and lower unlined skillion roofs to the verandahs.
Built in stages, the earliest southeast section is of Flemish bond face brick with the later stages, a north wing and western addition, being of English bond face brick. The south wall is painted.
The eastern verandah has brick paving, but elsewhere the verandahs now have sandstone paving. The north wing verandahs have paired, white painted timber, tuscan columns with stone bases; those to the southern wing have square chamfered timber posts with curved timber brackets at the corners and are partially lattice screened to the west.
The northern wing has french doors with large fanlights and timber shutters. The southern wing has casement windows and timber doors with glass panels. The entry hall, in the junction between the two wings, has a panelled cedar door with clear glass fanlight and sidelights at either end.
Internally, the entry hall walls are rendered, and walls elsewhere are rendered and papered, mostly to picture rail height. The principal rooms have ceilings 5 metres high. Most rooms have pressed metal ceilings, with the entry hall ceiling raking down above the west entry door with the fanlight cut into the rake.
The floors are timber and joinery throughout is of cedar with deep skirtings, wide architraves and sills, panelled doors, fireplace surrounds, french doors and casement windows. The water closet contains an early flushing cistern, and gas piping for the light fittings. The present kitchen has pressed metal sheets to the walls with wall mounted gas light fittings.
The split-log slab kitchen, sitting on large timber sleepers, has a corrugated iron gable roof and is situated to the west of the house. It has a brick paved east verandah with a lower pitch roof. Internally, the building has a boarded ceiling, casement windows and the original brick chimney and kitchen oven at the north end.
The former store, now containing toilets, is built of brick and is located to the north of the slab kitchen. The building shares the same roof and verandah as the kitchen.
A single skin timber laundry, attached to the western side of the slab kitchen, has a corrugated iron skillion roof and is open to the north. The laundry has a copper, a brick chimney and an attached timber lean-to to the south.
A white painted brick lodge with a steep, corrugated iron gable roof is located to the south. The building has enclosed north and southwest verandahs, a west porch with a gable roof and casement windows.
The grounds include an avenue of Bunya Pines to the southeast, mature exotic trees between the house and the road, large areas of lawn and other remnants of earlier plantings.
To the east stands a 1935 memorial cairn.
A two-storeyed brick monastery lies to the north of the main house, and they are separated by a high fence.
","history":"Ormiston House, a large, single-storeyed brick residence, was erected in stages between c.1858 and 1865 for the Hon. Louis Hope.
Hope had arrived in New South Wales in 1843, was an active participant in early Queensland economic and political life, and was instrumental in the development of the sugar industry in Queensland. In the 1850s he purchased and/or leased extensive landholdings in the Moreton region, including Kilcoy Station (QHR 600638) (in partnership with Robert Ramsey) in 1853, Shafston House (QHR 600241) at Kangaroo Point in 1854, and land in the Cleveland area overlooking Raby Bay, 1852-55.
Ormiston, said to be have been named after a Hope ancestral name in Scotland, was farmed from c.1858, and the slab hut which is now the kitchen wing at Ormiston House appears to date from this period. In the early 1860s Hope experimented first with cotton, then sugar cane.
By late 1862 the estate comprised just under 325 hectares of fenced land. Improvements included an established ornamental garden, 8 hectares under sugarcane, 5.25 hectares under corn, saltpans producing up to 4 tonnes of salt per day, a small brick house, a slab hut containing a kitchen, oven and two small rooms, huts for the farm workers, an overseer's house, a barn, stockyard and milking yards. Water was obtained from wells and waterholes on the property. In 1863 Hope acquired extensive adjacent lands from Post-Master General Thomas Lodge Murray-Prior.
In 1864 Hope erected Queensland's first sugar crushing mill, supplied by Cook & Co. of Glasgow, on the banks of Hilliards Creek. The first commercially milled sugar in Queensland was produced there in September that year.
Accompanying the establishment of his sugar plantation and mill, Hope erected on the property a substantial brick residence in 1864-65. The earlier small brick house appears to have been incorporated into the new structure, which featured gas lighting (probably a by-product of sugar manufacture), hot water and cisterns. Reputedly, Hope brought out Scottish workmen to erect the house, and sent cypress pine logs from Ormiston to England to be turned for the tuscan columns along the verandahs. The bricks were made on the property, and the timber was felled and sawn on site. The roof was shingled originally.
In 1865 the sugar plantation at Ormiston was the largest in Queensland. From September 1867 Hope was employing South Pacific islanders in his canefields, and producing 50-60 tons of sugar in a season. Most of this went directly to the station trade rather than to merchants in Brisbane. In 1869 the mill and a distillery were in active operation, with Hope both buying cane from smaller growers and operating the plant as a central crushing mill on the half-produce principle.
Hope continued with sugar crushing at Ormiston until c.1875 when, following protracted litigation with a neighbour who claimed that Hope had reneged on a promise to crush his cane, the mill machinery was sold. In the same year he leased the bulk of the property west of Hilliards Creek to his former manager Gilbert Burnett, retaining about 80 hectares with the main residence.
In mid-1881 Hope advertised Ormiston House for sale in anticipation of leaving the colony. The house was described as a large brick and stone residence of sixteen rooms, with wide verandahs to three sides, a detached kitchen, servants' quarters, and laundry. A lead-lined cedar tank in the roof supplied water for baths and three cisterns. The house and a four-roomed brick lodge sat in 3.25 hectares of ornamental gardens. Ormiston House was not sold at the time, but Burnett purchased from Hope the property he had been leasing since 1875.
In 1882 the Hope family returned to England, leaving Kilcoy and Ormiston under the supervision of manager William Butler, who leased out Ormiston House. Hope died in 1894, but Ormiston House remained in the family until 1912, when it was sold to grazier John Arthur Macartney of Waverley Station.
In 1935 the International Society of Sugar Technologists erected a cairn in the front grounds of Ormiston House to commemorate Hope's pioneering work in the Queensland sugar industry.
In 1959 the house on just under 11 hectares was acquired by the Carmelite Nuns, and subsequently a brick monastery was built in the grounds. With their permission, Ormiston House now functions as a house museum, operated by the Ormiston House Restoration Association, established in the mid-1960s.
","criteria":"Ormiston House Estate, established in the late 1850s to early 1860s, is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland's history, being closely associated with the establishment of European settlement at Cleveland and with the establishment of the sugar industry in Queensland.
|Ormiston House demonstrates a rare aspect of Queensland's history, providing evidence of early and uncommon gas, hot water and water closet facilities.
|Ormiston House Estate has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history, containing the site of early agricultural and industrial activity and extensive 19th century gardens.
|The place is important in demonstrating the principle characteristics of an 1860s country house and rural estate, and house and grounds make a strong aesthetic contribution to the Ormiston district and to the Raby Bay foreshore, which is valued by the community.
|The place is important in demonstrating the principle characteristics of an 1860s country house and rural estate, and house and grounds make a strong aesthetic contribution to the Ormiston district and to the Raby Bay foreshore, which is valued by the community.
|Ormiston House Estate has a special association with the life and work of Queensland pioneer Hon. Louis Hope, and his contribution to the development of the sugar industry in Queensland.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion C | Criterion D | Criterion E | Criterion H","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15551,"place_ref":600776,"name":"Whepstead","alternate_name":"Fernbourne | Bay View Private Hospital","street_address":"Main Road","suburb":"WELLINGTON POINT","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"Whepstead is a large, two-storey with attic, chamferboard building sited on the crest of a low hill and surrounded by established gardens and mature trees, such as Camphor Laurels, palms and fig trees - including a large, very old Moreton Bay Fig tree on the adjoining property, which spreads over the southeast corner of the present Whepstead grounds, and is an integral element of the garden setting. Whepstead and its surviving grounds is a prominent landmark along the principal road to Wellington Point, and the second level of the house commands fine views of Waterloo Bay and Moreton Bay, and a 360 degree view of the surrounding landscape.
The house has a corrugated iron hipped roof with projecting gables and a central flat section surrounded by cast iron balustrade. The gables surmount bays to the east and south elevations. The building sits on timber stumps and is encircled by verandahs.
The roof has dormer windows with rounded gables and twisted terracotta chimney flues. The gables have cast iron infill panels with decorative timber work, including arched vents and brackets to the eaves. The verandahs have concave corrugated iron roofs, with the first floor having cast iron brackets, valance and balustrade and the ground floor having cast iron brackets, lattice valance panels and timber batten balustrade with sections of the ceiling being boarded and panelled.
The verandahs to the south have been enclosed to form a glassed in function room on the ground floor and access to additions which include toilets and store rooms. The ground floor verandah to the west has been enclosed as a corridor with the southern end featuring leadlight windows and being used as a function room.
A single-storeyed kitchen and service wing is attached to the northwest. This structure has a corrugated iron hipped roof with concave roofed verandahs which have been enclosed or screened for storage space.
French doors with fanlights open onto the verandahs. The foyer has a single panelled door with sidelights and fanlight and a carved timber staircase with turned balustrade. An arch leads to a central hallway with dining rooms and a lounge to either side. The lounge has an elaborate marble and carved timber fireplace, a timber bar has been installed and the walls have been papered. The east dining room has a marble fireplace and the south wall has been removed with the enclosed function room having a lower metal ceiling. Walls are of single skin vertically jointed boards, interior doors have fanlights and floors have been carpeted.
The first floor consists of an east banquet room with a marble fireplace and the rest of the floor has been opened up into one large function space. A steep carved timber staircase leads from the foyer area to the two attic rooms and central corridor. A ladder from this corridor provides access to the flat roof above via a metal hatch.
The grounds include a fenced in-ground concrete swimming pool and children's playground to the north and a timber gazebo with a sheet metal roof to the northeast. Extensive brick paving and landscaping surround the building with timber stages located at the southeast and west and a fountain to the east.
","history":"Whepstead, a large two-storeyed timber residence with a substantial attic, was constructed in 1889 for Gilbert Burnett JP, a Wellington Point landowner, sawmill proprietor, and member of the Cleveland Divisional Board. Originally called Fernbourne, the house was designed by Brisbane architect Claude William Chambers and constructed by Cleveland builder Patrick Horisk. When first erected, it was considered one of the finest houses in the district, with unrivalled views of sea, shore, headland and islands. Set in a very fine, well-established garden, Fernbourne replaced an earlier Burnett family home on the same site.
Burnett had emigrated from England to Queensland in 1866, aged 20 years. He married Martha Ann Dawson in the late 1860s and in the early 1870s first managed his father-in-law's sugar plantation at Tingalpa, then was employed as overseer at Ormiston, Louis Hope's sugar plantation near Cleveland. In April 1875 he acquired from Hope a seven year lease, with an option to buy, on the bulk of the Ormiston estate west and north of Hilliards Creek near Wellington Point. This land he purchased from Hope in 1881.
Burnett called his Wellington Point estate Trafalgar Vale, developing it initially as a sugar plantation, dependent on indentured labour from the South Pacific Islands. He purchased Hope's sugar mill machinery and set up his own mill about ¼ mile west of Hilliards Creek. By mid-1883, Burnett's cane fields at Trafalgar Vale were well established, and he had operating the sugar mill [using the open-pan system which produced a dark sugar], a sawmill, and a bone-mill, the latter providing fertiliser for the cane. Burnett also was buying up local cane for crushing, and reportedly was considering ordering a large new vacuum pan to produce white sugar, which had proved highly successful in northern mills.
The sawmill at Trafalgar Vale was established initially to cut timber for extensions to Burnett's sugar mill, but local orders for milled hardwood had encouraged him to expand his sawmilling operations. Subsequently, political antipathy toward the indentured labour system and the potential expense of converting his sugar mill to the vacuum pan method, prompted Burnett to turn to sawmilling as his principal enterprise. By November 1884 he had ceased the cultivation and manufacture of sugar at Trafalgar Vale, and had established in its place what he claimed was the largest country sawmill in the colony.
Between mid-1883 and late 1884, planing and dressing machinery to work soft timbers such as pine, cedar and beech were acquired; the Eucalypta, an 85ft long steamer, was built for Burnett to transport cypress pine from the Moreton Bay islands [Amity Point on Stradbroke, Coochie Mudlo and Macleay] and hardwood from the Tweed Heads, Nerang, Coomera and Logan districts to his mill, the timber being unloaded at Hilliards Creek; a wharf with a large overhead travelling crane was erected on the creek about 300 yards below the mill buildings; a tramway was laid to transport logs from the wharf to the mill [in 1885 the tramway was extended about ¾ mile to give direct access to the bay]; and an 8-ton boiler was installed to generate the steam to drive the horizontal saw, circular saws, planning machines and lathes, which could produce 40,000 feet of dressed timber a week. The South Pacific Islanders had gone. In November 1884, Trafalgar Vale sawmill employed about 40 non-indentured workers, most of whom lived in cottages near the mill. By 1889 the number of employees had risen to 50. Several of Burnett's sons also worked in the family business.
In the mid-1880s, Burnett entered into partnership with a number of Brisbane businessmen to subdivide much of the former Trafalgar Vale plantation as the Wellington Point Estate. The estate sold reasonably well, as the railway was about to be extended to Wellington Point and on to Cleveland. Further subdivision and sales were made by the syndicate in the late 1880s, by which time the railway had arrived.
Gilbert Burnett was an important identity in the local community. He was a major employer of local labour, a Justice of the Peace, a member of the Tingalpa Divisional Board for many years, and first chairman of the Cleveland Divisional Board in 1885. In 1889, he replaced his earlier and more modest home with the large timber house now known as Whepstead, but initially called Fernbourne. Constructed of cypress pine supplied from the Trafalgar Vale sawmill, it was a large and flamboyant house with 14 rooms on three levels, designed to impress. The ground floor comprised drawing room, dining room, breakfast room, study, bathroom, pantries and wide entrance hall. From this hall a substantial timber staircase led to the first floor and the four principal bedrooms, all of which opened off a central hallway and onto wide, encircling verandahs with magnificent views of the surrounding country and out to Waterloo Bay and Moreton Bay beyond. Another staircase led from the first floor hall to two well-ventilated attic bedrooms. It is not clear whether any sections of the earlier house were incorporated into the new structure. In April 1889, architect Claude William Chambers had called tenders for alterations and additions in wood to a villa residence at Cleveland, and this is thought to refer to Fernbourne. Physical evidence suggests that the earlier kitchen wing was retained, but that the main part of the house was completely rebuilt.
In 1889, Fernbourne sat in a substantial garden of approximately 4½ acres [1.8 hectares], which had been laid out in the mid-1870s in association with the first Burnett residence. The garden contained an established orchard and vineyard, flower beds, kitchen garden, ornamental shrubs and trees, bushhouses with ferns, orchids and palms, and several fountains of stone and rock work. One of the most substantial and aesthetically pleasing in a district renowned for its fine gardens, the Fernbourne garden was watered from a bore 100ft deep, which fed a large tank on a stand 80ft high, creating sufficient pressure to feed the baths and taps in the house and kitchen, as well as to operate the fountains. Within the grounds were the stabling, outhouses and a kitchen, all of which may have dated to pre-1889.
Fernbourne was built during the wave of boom-time investment and speculation which characterised the late 1880s, but in 1891, as the boom burst and the credit squeeze tightened, Burnett was declared insolvent. His fine new house, together with its grounds of just over 4½ acres, was put up for auction in October 1891. Title was transferred a month later to Edward Robert Drury, general manager of the Queensland National Bank Ltd. When the Burnett family left Fernbourne [c1891?], they erected a smaller house on the eastern side of the railway line at Wellington Point, still on part of their original Trafalgar Vale estate and near the sawmill. This, their third home in the Wellington Point area, they also named Fernbourne, and it is likely that the first Fernbourne was re-named Whepstead at this time - certainly it had acquired this name by 1909, when the house was up for sale.
Despite the insolvency, the Burnett family continued operation of the Trafalgar Vale sawmill until c1899, when fire may have destroyed the mill. From 1899 to 1913, Gilbert Burnett, with his substantial knowledge of timbers and sawmilling, held a government position as a Ranger of Crown Lands in the Brisbane and Ipswich districts. He died at the second Fernbourne in 1925, and his name and those of his children are perpetuated in the names of the streets surrounding Whepstead.
After the Burnett family left the first Fernbourne [now Whepstead], there followed a succession of owners and lessees. In the late 1890s the house was occupied by James Vincent Chataway, Minister for Public Lands and Agriculture 1898-1901. Mrs Emilie O'Connell, widow of Hon. William Henry Bligh O'Connell, Secretary for Public Lands from 1899 until his death in 1903, appears to have occupied Whepstead from c1903 until it was purchased by pastoralist Edgar Gustav Parnell in 1911. The Parnell family resided at Whepstead until the mid-1930s, and reportedly made some changes to the grounds.
In 1943 Matron Ethel Dolley purchased the house and converted it into the Bay View Private Hospital. The grounds remained largely unaltered, but the house was sheathed in fibro, with louvre windows along the verandahs. A toilet block was erected post-1945. The property remained a hospital until 1973, when it reverted to a private residence. In 1977 the remaining land around Whepstead was subdivided, and the house on 5050 square metres was sold and refurbished as a restaurant. A number of owners since have maintained Whepstead as a restaurant and function centre.
","criteria":"Whepstead, erected in 1889, is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland's history, being a rare surviving example of 1880s boom era architecture in the Redlands district, and a conscious expression of the confidence and pride in accomplishment engendered during that era.
|Whepstead, erected in 1889, is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland's history, being a rare surviving example of 1880s boom era architecture in the Redlands district, and a conscious expression of the confidence and pride in accomplishment engendered during that era.
|The grounds may contain remnant evidence of the original 1870s-1880s layout and plantings, with potential to reveal important information about domestic horticulture and garden layouts at this period.
|Some first floor internal walls have been removed, but the place remains sufficiently intact to be of importance in illustrating the principal characteristics of a large, ornate, timber residence of three levels [two storeys and a substantial attic]. The house is also a good example of the early work of important Brisbane architect CW Chambers.
|The aesthetically pleasing exterior of Whepstead, in its setting of large, mature trees and garden, makes a strong contribution to the Wellington Point townscape, and internally, the aesthetic quality and craftsmanship of the carved timber stair and joinery are of note. The fine views from and to the place are also of aesthetic importance.
|The place has had an historical landmark quality in Brisbane's southern bayside suburbs for well over a century, which is valued by the local and Brisbane community as part of a unique heritage.
|Whepstead house [1889] and grounds [established mid-1870s] have a strong association with Gilbert Burnett and his important role in the development of Wellington Point in the last quarter of the 19th century.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion C | Criterion D | Criterion E | Criterion G | Criterion H","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons | The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15796,"place_ref":601021,"name":"Dunwich Convict Causeway","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Junner Street","suburb":"DUNWICH","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1999-10-22","description":"Dunwich convict causeway is located at the end of Junner Street, Dunwich on North Stradbroke Island. On arrival at Dunwich the causeway is not visibly obvious as it forms the northern extent of the landing area which is obscured from view. Further investigation reveals the causeway is still an intact and integral part of the barge and water taxi landing facilities. The causeway itself functions largely as a pedestrian access for people walking out to catch the barge or water taxi. The reclaimed land to the south of the causeway carries all vehicular traffic to the barge. Recent community landscape projects have assisted in establishing a native vegetated boundary between the vehicular traffic area and the causeway thus helping to delineate between the old and the new.
Looking along the causeway toward Dunwich Junner Street dissects an elevated headland. The heavily vegetated, lower section of headland on the northern side of Junner Street was once the location of the military post and stores depot established by Captain Logan at the same time as the causeway. On the other side of Junner street is a higher section of headland referred to as Doctor's Hill. Whilst the area has undergone significant change the causeway has remained constant and played an important role in establishing Dunwich as the point of entry to North Stradbroke Island as well as influencing the resultant town structure.
The most complete view of the causeway is gained from the northern inshore public reserve near the beach swimming enclosure. From this location the extent of the causeway can be fully appreciated and the role it played as part of the military post and later Benevolent Asylum becomes more obvious. Additionally, the view clearly reveals layers of development contrasted against the fabric of the causeway. Whilst not significant, these layers mark the continued growth of the Dunwich landing area and broader town structure.
It is no longer possible to view the causeway in its entirety. The southern face of the structure has since been used as a stabilising wall against which further land reclamation has been carried out in order to improve and increase the barge landing area. The surface of the causeway is now covered by concrete pavement however was originally compacted soil. The eastern end of the causeway disappears into more recent boulder wall constructed as part of the sea shore stabilisation. At the water's end the causeway disappears into a more recent boat ramp constructed of boulders and concrete with a bitumen trafficable surface leading into the water. The wooden jetty constructed as part of the Benevolent Asylum has been replaced by a more recent jetty structure which angles to the south west away form the causeway end. A number of weathered wooden piles along the northern face of the causeway are all that remain of the protective frame constructed during the Benevolent Asylum period.
The causeway itself is approximately 90m (270 feet) long and 7m (22 feet) wide and constructed from rough, red coloured stone of regular size, laid in straight courses without mortar. It is believed the stone for the wall was taken from the beach or quarry face on the nearby Doctor's Hill. There are obvious sections of the wall that are deteriorating as well as sections of wall that have been repaired. These areas of repair are most easily identified as infills of irregularly shaped, sandy coloured stone, quarried from a different location on the island. In the areas of deterioration the method of causeway construction and layers of history can be fully appreciated. Through the rubble the layers of rock and causeway infill material are visible as well as segments of the tram tracks, layed as part of the Benevolent Asylum additions to the causeway. This exposure confirms the thought that whilst sections of the wall may be buried they are more than likely intact.
","history":"Dunwich convict causeway was constructed in 1827 as part of a military and stores depot servicing the recently established Brisbane settlement. A sandbar at the mouth of the Brisbane River meant it was impossible for large vessels to carry goods into Brisbane. Consequently, ships unloaded cargoes at Dunwich and smaller cutters carried the goods over the bar and on to the settlement. Following its closure in 1831 the causeway continued to service subsequent developments at Dunwich including a Catholic mission (1843-1847); quarantine station (1850-1864) and the Benevolent Asylum (1864-1947). Today the causeway is an integral part of the barge and water taxi landing facilities and has established Dunwich as the gateway to North Stradbroke Island.
In 1823 John Oxley discovered the Brisbane River and a recommendation was made that a settlement should be established on its banks. Redcliffe was suggested as the site for the first establishment due to its proximity to the river entry, central bay location and favourable landing at all tide times. However, Oxley maintained that the banks of the Brisbane River were better suited to a permanent settlement while Redcliffe should be seen as a military post and depot store. This discovery and subsequent recommendation followed Commissioner Bigge's instruction that a penal settlement should be established at Port Curtis, Moreton Bay and Port Bowen. Commissioner Bigge had been sent from Britain to comment on the state of the colony in New South Wales.
In June 1824 the government proclaimed an intention to establish a settlement at Moreton Bay or in the near vicinity. There was a general indecision regarding the type of settlement that should take place following Oxley's glowing report of the area. However, Governor Brisbane proceeded with his original instructions to establish a penal settlement at Moreton Bay, hopeful that one day the area may be opened up to free settlement. The decision proved frustrating as the British government later confirmed in January 1825 that they intended Norfolk Island to be reoccupied by convicts with Moreton Bay seeming more appropriate for colonisation. Whilst desirable, the directive arrived too late and with an increasing demand for places to send convicts Governor Brisbane had no other option but to establish Moreton Bay as penal settlement. As a compromise Moreton Bay became a place for minor offenders while more serious offenders were sent to Norfolk Island.
On the 1st of September 1824 the Government vessel, 'Amity', departed from Sydney bound for Moreton Bay. The ship included Lieutenant Miller, Commandant of the settlement; John Oxley, Commanding Officer and Chief of the expedition; Lieutenant Butler, assistant Surveyor; Allan Cunningham, Botanist; general troops and 29 convicts. Approximately half of the convicts had volunteered in the hope they may gain a ticket of leave for their efforts in establishing the first settlement. The convicts were from varied backgrounds including quarrymen, lime burners, bricklayers, marble polishers, stone cutters, brick makers, plasterers and labourers.
On the 10 September 1824 the 'Amity' arrived in Moreton Bay and following an inspection of St Helena, Redcliffe was selected as the site for settlement as originally recommended in 1823. However, the Redcliffe settlement was short lived. In late September 1824 the Amity was nearly driven a shore by a fierce storm prompting Oxley to declare the site an unsafe place to anchor. Following further exploration of the surrounding waters Oxley discovered a safer point of entry into the bay through the south passage between North Stradbroke Island and Moreton Island.
In October 1824 Governor Brisbane visited the Moreton Bay settlement and following a journey some 30 miles up the Brisbane River endorsed Oxley's earlier recommendations for settlement.
It appears that the settlement was officially relocated from Redcliffe to Brisbane in May 1825, however the dates are unconfirmed. There was also some confusion regarding the exact location of the settlement. Governor Brisbane had previously approved a location 9 miles from the mouth of the Brisbane River. However, instructions to Lieutenant Miller stated that a settlement was to be established at a distance of 27 miles. It is unclear whether this distance was from the river mouth or Redcliffe. Irrespective, it appears Lieutenant Miller took it upon himself to establish the settlement near the current Victoria Bridge location.
Proceeding the movement from Redcliffe to Brisbane John Gray, Pilot of Port Jackson received orders to survey and buoy the south passage as discovered by Oxley. To maintain the buoys a pilot was posted at Amity Point on North Stradbroke Island. A sandbar at the mouth of the Brisbane River prevented large ships from entering the river and as such Amity Point became a pilot station at which large vessels unloaded and distributed their cargo to smaller craft which could navigate the bar and transport goods into Brisbane. The Amity Point pilot station was the first in the Moreton bay penal settlement and continued to operate till the wreck of the Sovereign in 1848 when it was relocated to Moreton Island and shipping then used the northern entrance to the bay via Cape Moreton.
In 1827 Governor Darling visited the settlement and amongst other concerns expressed a dissatisfaction with the inability of large ships to navigate the sandbar at the Brisbane River mouth. Captain Patrick Logan, Commandant of Brisbane, recommended the settlement be relocated to Green Point or Bird Island. Captain Logan wrote to Governor Darling,
\t
\t'......it appears to me that Green Point is not only the most eligible situation but likewise possesses every requisite for a penal settlement. The channels from the two rivers unite at this point and there is good anchorage for ships in six fathoms water; if a jetty was thrown out about 150 yards, vessels drawing 18 feet could lay alongside at low water. And besides, there is a small island one and three-quarter miles from the shore having four fathoms close to the beach. I think this would be an excellent site for a store and dockyard; vessels could here be discharged without having any communication with the settlement which would completely prevent smuggling. The boats belonging to the settlement could be hauled up here at sunset, which would prevent any surprise if the prisoners were disposed to seize them. There is a supply of fresh water sufficient for the largest city.'
In response to Captain Logan's recommendations Governor Darling wrote to Viscount Goderich, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies,
\t'With respect to the Settlement at Moreton Bay, its local situation appears to me highly objectionable. The tediousness and difficulty of the access render it extremely inconvenient. From the entrance of the Bay to the mouth of the Brisbane, on the left bank of which the settlement is situated is about fifteen miles, the intermediate space being in general so extremely shoal as to interrupt the Communication. The Settlement of Brisbane Town is at least fifteen miles further up the River, so that much time is lost in gaining the Settlement, and small vessels only, of a light draught of water, can accomplish it. I propose, as a means of remedying in some degree this inconvenience, to form a small Settlement at "Dunwich" on the Isle of Stradbroke, being the southern boundary of the Bay, for the purpose of receiving in the first instance the supplies sent from this for the Settlement, and the Timber, etc., to be forwarded thence to Sydney. According to this arrangement, the Vessels employed in communicating with Moreton Bay will not be detained longer than may be necessary to discharge and take in their cargoes at Dunwich, it being intended to station a small, Vessel at that place for the purpose of conveying the supplies from the Establishment to the Settlement and bringing down the Timber, etc. The Establishment at Dunwich will consist of a Warehouse or large store for the security of the supplies, until they can be forwarded to their destination. A few convict labourers will be kept there and a small Guard of Soldiers for the protection of the Establishment. The removal of the Settlement altogether might be desirable, but the Establishment at Dunwich will render it, at least, less necessary.'
On 29 November 1827 Governor Darling directed Captain Logan to establish a military post and stores depot at Dunwich formerly known as Green Point. Plans and materials were sent from Sydney with instructions to establish a warehouse and accommodation for convict labourers, boatmen and soldiers. In May 1828 Logan reported that the magazine at Dunwich was roofed and nearly completed and the military and prisoner barracks at Dunwich were finished and occupied.
It is believed the stone used to construct the causeway was quarried from the nearby Doctor's Hill and that earth used to fill the structure also taken from a nearby location. Both the rock form and colour present in the causeway are in keeping with the surrounding rock features.
Generally, the materials used in construction would have put together by hand using techniques traditional to European building techniques of the early nineteenth century.
The outstation at Dunwich only functioned for a few years. Based on Petrie's plan of 1839 it appears the causeway may have been extended at some point during this period. This extension increased the water depth at the causeway end from 4.5 feet to 5.5 feet. In 1830 Captain Logan was killed and in November 1831 Logan's successor Captain Clunie requested that the use of the settlement be discontinued. Clunie confirmed cargoes were still being lost over board during unloading in rough weather, local aboriginals were proving hostile and had killed a convict in the garden and the issue of smuggling had not been eliminated. Following its closure, a small guard remained to protect the buildings and records indicate that timber loading continued there until about 1837.
The settlement was briefly used as Catholic mission to the local Aboriginals from 1843 to 1847. However, the mission was never successful and the last Passionist Father was forced to leave the island after continued threats from aboriginals. From 1850 to 1864 the site was used as a quarantine station to receive all immigrants coming to Brisbane. One of the most notable and tragic entries to Dunwich was that of the ship, 'Emigrant'. Stricken with typhus fever the ship had already lost 16 people on its journey from Plymouth to Brisbane. Whilst at Dunwich a further 26 people died including the ships surgeon, Dr George Mitchell and Resident Surgeon for the Moreton Bay Hospital and Coroner for the Brisbane districts Dr David Ballow.
From 1864 attempts were made to establish a Benevolent Asylum at the old quarantine station. Eventually, in 1866 the asylum was officially opened at Dunwich. The institution was declared a home for the old and infirm, disabled, inebriates and for a short time lepers. The government steamer, Otter, carrying a captain and 11 crew, serviced the asylum twice weekly from Brisbane. To enable the steamer to birth at low tide a wooden jetty was constructed at the end of the causeway in 1886. To assist with the unloading of vessels a horse drawn tramline was laid from the end of the wooden jetty along the causeway and up through the settlement ending at the kitchen and laundry facility. Other vessels servicing the settlement included coal barges which docked along side of the causeway. To strengthen and protect the causeway and jetty timber piles and framework were constructed along the causeway face.
In 1947 the institution was officially closed as a result of overcrowding, deteriorating health conditions and maintenance concerns with the 'Otter'. The institution was then transferred to the old RAAF base at Sandgate, and renamed Eventide. Dunwich was then opened up to government land sales and mining of mineral sand resources. From 1947 to 1957 a number of passenger ferries serviced both Dunwich and Amity Point from Brisbane, Redland Bay and Cleveland. The first drive on drive off ferry commenced operation in 1964 and ran from Cleveland to Dunwich using the beach as a ramp for loading and unloading. However, with further development and an increase in sand mining a deep water car ferry ramp was needed. Consequently, plans were made to reclaim land to the south east of the causeway providing a place for barge landing. Today this reclaimed land is the site of barge and water taxi landings servicing an ever increasing number of residents and visitors.
The development of North Stradbroke island as a popular holiday retreat and rich mineral sand mining resource has meant the barge landing facilities at Dunwich have undergone continual change since 1947. Whilst not significant and sometimes destructive, the physical layers of growth do help to illustrate the development of Dunwich and the importance of the causeway site as an entry to North Stradbroke Island. Despite substantial additions to the south east side of the causeway the structure and the historical layers of the place remain intact.
","criteria":"Constructed as part of a convict outstation and the primary landing place for all vessels coming into Moreton Bay and Brisbane the causeway has historical significance for its valuable role in the early colonial settlement of Queensland. Since the closure of the convict outstation, the causeway has played an important role in subsequent developments at Dunwich.
|The Dunwich causeway is an extremely important and rare piece of Queensland's built history. With the Windmill and Commissariat Store in Brisbane it is one of three convict structures known to survive in southeast Queensland. More specifically it is perhaps the only example of a convict built maritime structure in the state.
|The causeway provides the community with the potential to yield a greater understanding of Queensland's history and the pivotal role this small structure played in the development of the Moreton Bay penal settlement and in turn the city of Brisbane and state of Queensland.
|The physical fabric of the causeway clearly illustrates both the principal characteristics of European building techniques in the early part of the nineteenth century and the construction methods used by convicts to build a structure of this nature.
|A degree of technical achievement is demonstrated in the construction of the causeway.
|The causeway has social significance for community groups involved with the Catholic Mission, Quarantine Station, Benevolent Asylum, residents and tourists as the point of landing on North Stradbroke Island.
|(Criterion under review)
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion C | Criterion D | Criterion F | Criterion G | Criterion H","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons | The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15836,"place_ref":601062,"name":"Industrial Ruins, south end of Macleay Island","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Cliff Terrace","suburb":"MACLEAY ISLAND","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1998-04-06","description":"The industrial ruins are located at the south end of Macleay Island in southern Moreton Bay, on the foreshore east of Pininpinin Point and directly opposite Karragarra Island - GPS position 27 deg 38 min 5 sec South, 153 deg 21 min 37 sec east. Remnants of several stone structures on this site, nestled near the foreshore, just above high-water mark at the bottom of a steep, wooded slope, are visible from Moreton Bay. The setting is highly picturesque.
\nThe site comprises:
\nthe remnants of a stone structure [possibly the stone store mentioned in the 1874 advertisement] located on the foreshore at the bottom of a steep slope, about a metre above high-water mark - the foundations of the walls and the remains of a rubble floor, built up several feet above the level of the foreshore, survive, as does part of the east wall, which is of irregular coursing of roughly cut stone, held together with a coarse mortar - of the south and west walls only the foundations survive, and these have suffered erosion from wave action at high tide - recent attempts at stabilising these foundations with plastic netting and sheeting have been made;
\nremnants of a possible stone retaining wall along the foreshore at high-water mark, in front of the 'store' and further along to the west of the 'store' - recent wave action has deposit gravel on the foreshore, mostly the remnant retaining wall in front of the 'store';
\nremnants of the foundation of a secondary stone structure to the west of the larger 'store';
\na stone fire-box located less than a metre to the north [further up the slope] of the stone 'store' - the fire-box is cut lengthwise in an east-west direction into the side of the slope, and measures approximately 8m long by 3m wide - like the 'store', the fire-box is constructed of irregular coursing of mainly roughly cut stone, held together by a coarse mortar - however, some of the larger stones are more precisely cut and appear to have simple, decorative chiselled patterns on the face, possibly indicating that they have been recycled from some other structure - the fire-box is open-ended on the east side to allow the fire to be lit beneath the boiler, a stone-pitched flue at the western end of the fire-box drawing the flames and heat underneath the boiler;
\nthe shell of a hemispherically-ended, iron-plated Cornish boiler [c1860s/1870s], in situ in the firebox - the boiler has a diameter of 160cm [5ft 3in] and a length of 680cm [44ft 4in];
\na stone-pitched underground flue leading from the western end of the fire-box directly north up the slope approximately 14 metres to an open depression in the ground - possibly the base of a brick chimney;
\nan early road, in some places shored-up by stonework, wending diagonally down the steep slope from the top of the adjacent western allotment, to the boiler site;
\na timber slipway, visible at low-tide only, on the shore near the southeast corner of the stone 'store';
\npossible winch tracks on the road reserve adjacent to the eastern boundary of the allotment on which the stone ruins are located - the road reserve [surveyed c1885] runs north-south down the steep slope directly to the timber slipway at the water's edge, following two deep parallel depressions, approximately 1.5m apart, which are possibly the remains of some form of winching operation - these disappear into the bush above the industrial ruins site, continuing approximately 150 metres to the level land of the ridge above.
\nWhether the stone used for the boiler site structures was quarried on Macleay Island has not been established, no obvious quarry site being identified in the immediate vicinity. Geologically, the eastern side of the island belongs to the Kurwongbah Beds - a mix of phyllite, greenstone, minor quartz and argillite [sedimentary rocks subjected to consolidation and intense compression]; the western side of the island belongs to the Woogaroo Subgroup of later sedimentary rocks - mainly sandstone and conglomerate.
\nHistorical evidence suggests that a jetty and/or wharf, at the end of which was a fish-trap, was constructed by John Campbell in the late 1860s. The jetty/wharf is likely to have been positioned near the boiler site. Beside the slipway are the remnants of two posts which may have been associated with this jetty.
","history":"The Industrial Ruins, located at the southern end of Macleay Island appear to be associated with the 1869 establishment of a sugar mill, possibly in conjunction with a salt works, on the island. Although no early description of the mill and salt works has been found, documentary evidence reveals that a sugar mill was erected on the island in 1869, that both a sugar mill and a salt works were extant on the southern half of Macleay Island in 1871, but that possibly neither were operating by 1874. The surviving Cornish boiler in its stone fire-box is likely to date to the 1860s-1870s, Cornish boilers generally being superseded in Queensland by the 1880s. This reinforces the hypothesis that the ruins are associated with sugar manufacture/salt production on the island in the late 1860s/early 1870s.
\nAt this period, sugar cultivation and manufacture in Queensland was still experimental. In the late 1860s the principal sugar-growing area extended from Tingalpa and Cleveland south to the Redland Bay, Logan and Albert districts. The red clay soil on Macleay and Russell Islands in southern Moreton Bay was similar to that at Redland Bay, and the islands had the additional advantage of being free from frosts. On the mainland a number of small sugar crushing mills and distilleries were erected, employing an open pan system which produced a coarse, dark brown sugar. With the introduction in the mid-1870s of the more expensive vacuum pan system, which produced a finer white sugar, and increasing competition from the Mary and Burnett River districts, sugar cultivation and manufacture in the southern part of the colony declined. Some mills survived, but by the 1880s, farmers at Cleveland, Redland Bay and the Bay islands were growing mainly bananas, fruits and vegetables.
\nThere is little recorded activity on Macleay Island until it was taken up in 1865 as leasehold under the Sugar & Coffee Regulations of 1864, by the Campbell family of Redbank.
\nJohn 'Tinker' Campbell was one of the first squatters on the Darling Downs, taking up Westbrook run in 1841. In the 1840s he was associated with Evan Mackenzie of Kilcoy station in establishing a boiling down and tallow works at Kangaroo Point. Later he was associated with Joseph Fleming, and then with Robert Towns, in partnerships in Redbank interests. A bitter legal dispute between Towns and Campbell in the mid-1860s ruined Campbell financially, but with the help of his children, he turned his interest to sugar cultivation in southern Moreton Bay.
\nHis son Frederick Foster Campbell had already taken up land at Redland Bay, on the shores of Moreton Bay directly opposite Macleay Island, under the Cotton Regulations of 1860. In March 1865, John Campbell's youngest son, Robert Percival, applied for the southern half of Macleay Island [640 acres], and Rebecca Elizabeth Owen, Campbell's widowed daughter, applied for the northern quarter [320 acres] in September the same year. Macleay [or Tim Shea's] Island was officially surveyed into 3 portions in October 1865, following which Rebecca Owen successfully applied for the middle portion [350 acres], extending her leasehold to 670 acres, or the northern half of the island. Early in 1866 John Campbell and Giles B Daubeney [or d'Aubigne] also took up the lease of 640 acres at the northwest end of Russell Island.
\nJohn Campbell and Rebecca Owen were still resident at Redbank at this period, and it is likely that Frederick and Robert Campbell established the sugar plantations on Macleay and Russell islands. Mrs da Costa, a visitor to the islands in late 1866/early 1867, later recalled that two of the Campbells of Redbank had taken up land on Russell Island, where they were engaged in sugar growing with a French naturalist by the name of d'Aubigne. On Macleay Island, she was the guest of Mrs Owen and her brothers Robert and Fred Campbell. The Queensland Post Office Directory for 1868 lists R Campbell as farming on Macleay Island, F Campbell and Giles B Daubeney as farming on Russell Island, and J de Poix Tyrel as a manager on Macleay. By December 1867, Campbell & Daubeney of Brisbane had transferred their lease on Russell Island to WK Alexander, and by early 1868 John Campbell had taken up residence on Macleay Island. In June 1868, Robert Campbell transferred his lease of the southern half of Macleay Island to his father and his other brother, John Edwin Campbell.
\nBy late 1868, John Campbell had 40 acres under sugar on Macleay Island, and Rebecca Gosset [formerly Owen] 20 acres. At this period the Macleay Island cane was likely crushed on a floating mill [the Walrus] which operated in the southern Bay down to the Logan and Albert rivers.
\nIn 1869 the Campbells negotiated with the Brisbane mercantile firm of J & G Harris to take over the lease of southern Macleay Island, and transfer was effected in September 1869. John Campbell was still resident on Macleay Island and was supervising the sugar plantation there in early July 1869, when he gave evidence before the Select Committee on the Operation of The Polynesian Labourers Act of 1868\". The Campbells employed South Sea Islander labour, and Campbell had recently returned 44 Islanders from Macleay Island to their homes. His son Frederick had brought them in the Black Dog from Eromanga, Sandwich [Vite] & Tanna Islands about April 1866, and their 3 year contract was over.
\nBy October 1869, John Campbell had nearly completed the erection of a sugar mill on Macleay Island, but whether construction of the mill was financed by J & G Harris or the Campbells is not clear. By the end of 1869 he had 65 acres under sugar and a mill. The same amount of land was under sugar in 1870.
\nIn 1885, an unnamed author [possibly RS Hurd, Harris' manager on Macleay Island in the early 1870s] described the improvements on the southern half of the island during John Campbell's time there:
\nHere was the residence of the late Mr John Campbell, and some thirty acres were under cultivation for sugar-cane, as well as peach trees, bananas, and other fruits. There was in those days a good cypress pine house erected there, a large and well-stocked fruit and flower garden, well laid out and a complete plant for sugar-boiling and salt-making. All this, however, is a thing of the past . . . this ridge where the house was built is admirably suited for well-sinking, as the ground retains the water as well as if it were puddled. Mr Campbell had a well sunk there some 8ft deep, and it lasted out the driest season with no perceptible leakage . . . this is where the view is par excellence of the whole place to be obtained. Standing on the top of the hill, the ground slopes away in front to Pininpinin Point . . . In front are Karragarra and Russell Islands . . . this deep channel separating Macleay and Karragarra is one of the deepest parts of the bay, and well stocked with fish, Mr Campbell constructed a fish trap at the end of the jetty, and told the writer that he had caught large rock cod in it and abundance of mullet. There is a very pretty walk through the old plantation towards Perrebinpa Point, which is a narrow gravelly neck of land, reaching a long way out. There are a great number of pine seedlings growing along this track and one of the best residences at Breakfast creek is beautified with pine trees taken from this very locality.
\nAbout 1870, after the transfer of the southern half of the island to J & G Harris, John Campbell moved to the northern end of Macleay Island, where he supervised his daughter's lease, establishing a castor oil plantation there by September 1871. Following the death of Rebecca Gosset in Rockhampton in 1872, her husband transferred her Macleay Island lease to John Harris in June 1872, and the Campbell family may have left the island about this time.
\nIn August 1870, J & G Harris had converted their leasehold of the southern half of Macleay Island into freehold, and the plantation was advertised for sale in April 1871. At this time it comprised 640 acres of freehold land, with 40 acres under sugar; a furnished residence with fine views, out-buildings, and a large tank with a permanent supply of water for household purposes; men's huts, stock-yard, blacksmith's; a sugar mill driven by a 4hp engine; and a salt works. South Sea Islanders were working on the plantation. In October 1871, the plantation was sold to Arthur Cumming Biddle of London for £500.
\nThe plantation again was put up for sale in February 1874, at which time 50-60 acres were under sugarcane. Improvements comprised: a furnished 10-roomed house [the front section of which was of cypress pine]; 3 men's cottages; stables, cart sheds, stockyards, etc; a wharf; stone store; and a large underground tank furnishing a permanent supply of water. There was no mention of a sugar mill or salt works, and agricultural reports in The Queenslander of 1876 suggest that Macleay Island cane was crushed on the mainland at this period. The plantation did not sell in 1874, and appears to have been let run down subsequently.
\nIn October 1878, absentee landlord AC Biddle of London purchased from John Harris the northern half of Macleay Island, along with neighbouring Perulpa and Ngudooroo [Lamb] islands, for £925. In October 1884, title to the whole of Macleay, Perulpa and Ngudooroo [Lamb] islands was transferred from Biddle to Joseph Darragh of Brisbane, and then in June 1885 from Darragh to Gustavus Caesar Horstmann and William Alexander Wilson, also of Brisbane. Around this time Macleay Island was subdivided into a large number of residential and farm allotments, many of which were taken up by speculators in the 1880s and 1890s. The block on which the industrial ruins are located [subdivision 279 of portion 1 - a residential subdivision of 1 rood 10.6 perches], was purchased in June 1886 by Brisbane businessmen Edward Taylor, Edward Kelk and Frank Lescombe John Crosby, for £18. To date, no record has been found of any subsequent industrial, commercial or residential use of this site, suggesting that the industrial ruins are associated with the establishment of the sugar plantation in the late 1860s, early 1870s.
","criteria":"The Industrial Ruins, south end of Macleay Island [including the ruins of what appear to be a stone store, stone retaining wall/s, stone fire-box and Cornish boiler, stone-pitched underground flue and probable chimney base, early road, foreshore slipway and possible winching channels], are believed to be associated with the sugar plantation established on Macleay Island in the late 1860s/early 1870s, when sugar cultivation in Queensland was still largely experimental. They survive as important illustration of the early agricultural and industrial development of Queensland, and of the settlement of southern Moreton Bay in particular.
|The surviving Cornish boiler, common in Queensland sawmills and sugar mills of the 1860s and 1870s, is one of few of this type known to survive in Queensland.
|With further archaeological and historical research and analysis, the place has the potential to reveal important information about Queensland's history and early industrial technology.
|The ambience of the stone ruins, the bay, and the overgrown vegetation, combined with a distinctive position on the foreshore overlooking southern Moreton Bay and neighbouring islands, creates a strong aesthetic appeal which has attracted public interest and has invited 'exploration', for well over a century.
|For the southern Moreton Bay islands community, the place has a strong association with their heritage, and the place has had a landmark value for Moreton Bay boaters since the late 19th century.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion C | Criterion E | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15864,"place_ref":601091,"name":"Peel Island","alternate_name":"Teerk Roo Ra","street_address":"Peel Island","suburb":"MORETON BAY","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1993-06-21","description":"Peel Island, situated in Moreton Bay four kilometres east of Cleveland, is a low lying island of approximately 590 hectares. The principal vegetation comprises acacias, eucalypts, and melaleucas, and the island is surrounded by mangroves except for a sandy beach which forms Horseshoe Bay on the southern side.
\nThe south east corner of the island contains remnants of the Quarantine Station. These include a well, concrete slabs, a brick building, cemetery, and stone jetty. Lying to the south of the stone jetty is the wreck of the SS Platypus.
\nThe island contains three main tracks; one from the south east corner of the island to the lazaret, another from the western jetty to the lazaret, while the beach track runs parallel to Horseshoe Bay.
\nThe lazaret is situated on the north east corner of the island. The buildings are grouped in three compounds (male, female and coloured), and four zones (administrative, treatment, recreational and perimeter).
\nThe male compound contains 19 huts and a bath house. The huts are similar in form and construction being one roomed timber buildings with a veranda. A distinctive feature of the huts is a roof ventilator. One hut was modified to serve as the Catholic Church. The female compound contains five huts and a bath house, and remnants of another six huts. The female huts differ for those in the male compound in having a kitchenette on the side.
\nIn the coloured compound, five huts survive. Four of these huts have adzed corner posts set into the ground, concrete floor, and clad with corrugated galvanised iron. The compound also contains several corrugated galvanised iron poultry sheds. The other hut is a timber building (moved from the female compound in the 1930s) and later used as stables.
\nAdjacent to the coloured compound are remnants of the Anglican Church. Posts marking the boundary of the church yard survive and four of these posts are incorporated with wood carvings executed by a patient in the 1930s.
\nThe administrative zone contains an array of buildings including nurses quarters (1926), matron's quarters (1948), superintendent's quarters (transferred from Stradbroke Island in 1907), medical officer's quarters (former Army hut relocated in 1948), powerhouse (1948) and several sheds. There are also remnants of the kitchen, and other staff buildings.
\nThe treatment zone comprises the surgery (1925 with additions in 1947), and remnants of the hospital (1937) and dispensary.
\nThe perimeter zone includes an incinerator, rubbish dump, pump house and cemetery. Remnants of 'holiday' huts built by patients are found elsewhere on the island.
","history":"Peel Island was known variously to Aboriginal groups as Teerk Roo Ra, Dairkooreeba, Chercrooba. The island was charted by Matthew Flinders in 1799. In 1873 the island was proclaimed a reserve for quarantine purposes. A quarantine station was established on the south east corner of the island and was in regular use throughout the 1870s and 1880s as the colony received a constant stream of immigrant ships. With a decline in immigration in the 1890s and an improvement in public health, the quarantine station fell into disuse. Between 1910 and 1916 the buildings were use as an inebriates' home.
\nIn 1906 an area of 160 acres on the north west corner was gazetted as a reserve for lazaret.
\nThe first case of leprosy in Queensland was discovered in 1855. Little interest was shown in the disease until the 1880s when there was a notable increase in the incidence of the disease. The diagnosis of the first European with leprosy prompted the implementation of the Leprosy Act of 1892. Two lazarets were established, one on Stradbroke Island for white patients, the other on Friday Island in the Torres Straits for non-Europeans. Both lazarets experienced considerably difficulties and in the early 1900s, the government decided to close these institutions and establish a multi-racial lazaret on Peel Island.
\nThe new lazaret, opened in 1907, was designed and organised on the principle of isolation. Patients were housed in individual huts grouped in three separate compounds - male, female and 'coloured'. The huts for white patients were small single roomed, timber buildings, while the huts for the coloured patients were more rudimentary structures of bush timber clad with tea tree bark. Other buildings on the site included bath houses, kitchens, dining rooms, and staff accommodation. In 1908 a church was built by the coloured patients near their compound.
\nAdditional huts were erected as more patients were sent to the island. In the coloured compound, the durability of the bark cladding was short-lived, and in 1909 the huts were reclad with corrugated galvanised iron. During the 1920s major improvements were undertaken, including the construction of a surgery, nurses quarters and new store. Kitchenettes were added to the female huts to enable the female patients to prepare their own meals. Four timber huts were erected in the coloured compound.
\nThe lazaret opened with 70 patients, and reached a peak of 84 soon afterwards. For many patients, being sent to Peel Island was a life sentence. More than 180 patients died on the island and were buried in the cemetery. For other patients the disease did go into remission, and after a series of negative tests were discharged.
\nThe patients were left to devise their own means of occupying each day. Some patients had boats and were allowed to fish off the island. Other patients had gardens, poultry and goats. Some patients were employed doing work on the lazaret as labourers, carpenters and seamstresses.
\nDuring the 1930s plans were made to establish a separate lazaret for the coloured patients and in 1940 the coloured patients were transferred to a new lazaret established on Fantome Island near Townsville.
\nIn 1947 patients began being treated with the drug Promin, and the success of the treatment soon became apparent. More and more patients began to be discharged and by the late 1950s, there were less than ten patients. In 1959 the lazaret was closed and the patients transferred to the Princess Alexandra Hospital.
\nWith the closure of the lazaret, various schemes for redeveloping the island were proposed. The lazaret buildings were offered for sale, but only a small number were removed from the island. In 1968 the Church of England Grammar School obtained a thirty year lease over part of the former lazaret.
\nPeel Island is unique in Australia as the only lazaret designed on the isolation method that survives substantially intact. At Fantome Island no buildings remain, and on Channel Island in the Northern Territory only remnants survive. Other lazarets such as at Derby in Western Australia and East Arm in the Northern Territory were more like a traditional hospital or institution with wards and dormitories.
\nPeel Island was declared an Environmental Park in 1989. Under its Quandamooka name Teerk Roo Ra (place of many shells), it was dedicated under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 as a national park and conservation park in December 2007. In 2017 the cultural and natural values of the island are jointly managed by the Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee Aboriginal Corporation (QYAC) and Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service.
\n","criteria":"
Peel Island, as the site of a quarantine station, inebriates' home and lazaret, is important in demonstrating several important aspects of Queensland's history, including: how an extensive network of government institutions was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for the control and isolation of those who were considered morally, racially and physically unsuitable; how islands in Moreton Bay and elsewhere were used as places of social control and isolation; and attitudes to leprosy patients and the treatment of the disease in Queensland.
|The island is significant also for its retention of a rare aspect of Queensland's heritage: the only surviving lazaret in the state, which is also important as one of only two multi-racial lazarets in Australia and the only lazaret purpose built and organised on the isolation method.
|Peel Island is important also in exhibiting a range of aesthetic qualities valued by the community, in particular the lazaret site in decay, juxtaposed with the surrounding landscape and Moreton Bay seascape.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion E","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15903,"place_ref":601130,"name":"Cleveland Hotel (former)","alternate_name":"Sorrento Flats | Cassim's Hotel","street_address":"109 Shore Street North","suburb":"CLEVELAND","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1995-10-30","description":"The former Cleveland Hotel, fronting Moreton Bay and located on the steep east facing slope of the ridge running along Cleveland Point, appears as a single-storeyed rendered masonry building from Shore Street, but has a lower floor facing the water.
The building has a corrugated iron hipped roof with two projecting gables and a skillion roofed verandah with a central gabled entrance porch to the western street side. There are two chimney stacks and the gables have fibrous-cement sheeting with timber cover strips and weatherboards.
The west verandah has a weatherboard balustrade with rectangular open batten panels. There is a skillion roofed east verandah to the lower floor which has had the northern end and the entrance stairs damaged. The base of the building consists of rubble with concrete piers and concrete supports for the east verandah.
Interior walls are of rendered masonry with some fibrous cement partitions and the original arched entrance has been bricked in. A few casement windows survive, but most of the windows, doors and all of the french doors opening onto the front verandah have been removed. The upper floor is of timber. There is no internal access between floors.
A weatherboard double garage with a corrugated iron gable roof is located to the south at street level. This is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. The steep site levels off to a flat foreshore area with a concrete retaining wall to the water. The hotel has views across water to Stradbroke Island to the east and Raby Bay to the northwest.
","history":"This two-storeyed masonry hotel was built c1860 for John Vincent Cassim and his wife Mary Tealy, Cleveland boarding house/hotel keepers since 1855.
Cassim was a Mauritian Indian, whom it appears was transported to Moreton Bay in 1840. A person named Cassim, who had been tried at the Port Louis, Mauritius, assizes, and had received a seven year sentence, was amongst a group of Mauritian convicts who were transported to Sydney via the Layton early in 1840 (Mauritius had been occupied by the British since 1810). In April 1840 fifteen of these men, including Cassim, were sent on to Moreton Bay, which was soon to be opened for free settlement, apparently to conduct experiments in sugar growing. Sugar was the principal Mauritian cash crop at this period, and was exported regularly to New South Wales. Presumably, the Mauritian convicts were considered to have had some experience in the sugar industry.
Cassim received a ticket-of-leave at Moreton Bay in February 1844, and in mid-1845 a John Cassim and his wife Mary were resident in Brisbane Town. It is likely that Cassim, John Cassim and John Vincent Cassim, who c1845 married at Moreton Bay an Irish girl named Mary Tealy, were one and the same person. Little is known about Mary, or how she came to be at Moreton Bay, other than that she had arrived in New South Wales in the early 1840s. By 1851, John and Mary Cassim were operating a boarding house at Kangaroo Point, which they maintained until late 1855.
From late 1855 to mid-1860 the Cassims leased Cleveland House [now the Grandview Hotel (600771)], and an adjacent dwelling, from pastoralist Francis Bigge. These buildings had been erected at Cleveland in the early 1850s as part of Bigge's unsuccessful push to establish Cleveland as the principal port of the Moreton Bay region. Amongst the earliest buildings in the township, they appear to have remained unoccupied for several years until taken up as Cassim's Family Hotel and Boarding House.
In the late 1850s, with Queensland separation from New South Wales imminent, there was some renewal of interest in Cleveland as the port to service Ipswich, which was still a strong contender for capital of Queensland. Although Brisbane interests prevailed and Cleveland was to remain an isolated seaside resort, by 1860 the township had gained sufficient popularity as a watering place to support two hotels: the Brighton (formerly Cassim's Family Hotel), and Cassim's new hotel, the Cleveland.
In 1858 JV Cassim had acquired allotment 1 of section 6, par Cleveland, adjacent to and north of Cleveland House, on the road toward Cleveland Point. On this site, c1860, Cassim erected his Cleveland Hotel. The building was extant by September 1860, when he took out a £300 mortgage on the property, and was required to insure the house situated on the land. About this time it was discovered that the hotel had been constructed across the southern boundary of the allotment; subsequently, a small parcel of land was surveyed as allotment 1A and purchased by Cassim in January 1861.
By 1863 the hotel comprised bar, parlour, sitting-rooms, bedrooms, storeroom, a kitchen with servant's room attached, and verandahs front and back. The grounds included stables, coachhouse, fowlhouse, garden, jetty and bathing house. In 1872/73, Cassim acquired the adjacent allotment to the north (allotment 2 of section 6), and in 1879, two adjoining blocks to the south (allotments 20 & 21 of section 6).
Mary Cassim died in 1861, and was buried at Dunwich Cemetery (600773). In 1868 John married Irish immigrant Anne (or Mary Anne) Rafter, who appears to have arrived at Moreton Bay in the mid-1860s. From neither marriage were there any children. JV Cassim died in 1884, and was buried at Dunwich. Anne held the license of the Cleveland Hotel until 1903, and retained the property until 1916. She died at the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum in 1921, and was buried at Nudgee Cemetery.
The Cassims were well-known and respected Cleveland identities and devout Catholics, whose hotel not only was synonymous with Cleveland as a seaside resort, but also served as a mass centre from the early 1860s until the construction of the first catholic church at Cleveland in 1877. John was a trustee of the local church in the 1870s and 1880s, and would not accept payment from any priest staying at the hotel. Cassim's Island, in Moreton Bay, is named after him.
By c1912 a verandah had been added to the southern side of the hotel, and the shingled roof had been replaced with corrugated iron. About 1919 the southern allotments containing the gardens were resurveyed into eight subdivisions, six of which were sold.
The building was renovated c1924, and continued to function as the Cleveland Hotel until severely storm damaged in June 1929. The property changed ownership in July 1929, but whether the building was repaired at this stage is not clear. In July and August 1929, Brisbane architect JP Donoghue called tenders for the rebuilding of the Cleveland Hotel, but in 1930 publican Nicholas J Thurecht, who had acquired the lease of the Cleveland Hotel in 1927, had removed to the new centre of Cleveland township and the new Raby Bay Hotel [now the Cleveland Sands], for which Donoghue had called tenders in September and October 1929.
Local residents believe the old Cleveland Hotel remained vacant until converted into flats during or just after the Second World War. This may correspond to a change in ownership in 1948. The renovations, still evident, included rebuilding the roof with its present gables and chimney stacks; removal of what was left of the southern and rear verandahs; replacing the front verandah balustrading with weatherboards; cutting additional doors in the north and south walls; and rendering the exterior.
In the 1940s and 1950s, the former Cleveland Hotel appears to have been known as the Sorrento Flats. The building is understood to have remained unoccupied since the 1960s, possibly following another change in ownership in 1965.
","criteria":"The former Cleveland Hotel, erected c1860, is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland's history, being associated with the establishment of the township of Cleveland in the 1850s and 1860s and with the evolution of Cleveland as a popular seaside resort in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
The place is an integral element in a group of historic buildings along the road leading to Cleveland Point.
|It demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage, being one of the earliest surviving buildings in Cleveland and a rare surviving Queensland example of a substantial, c1860, two-storeyed masonry hotel, the structure and fabric of which is strongly evident despite the 20th century conversion to flats. It has potential to reveal information about 1850s/60s construction techniques and materials in Queensland.
|The place has a special association with the life and work of John and Anne Cassim and their contribution to the character of Cleveland as a popular seaside resort in the second half of the 19th century, and with the establishment of the Catholic Church in Cleveland.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion H","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15930,"place_ref":601163,"name":"St Mark's Anglican Church and Dunwich Public Hall","alternate_name":"Benevolent Asylum Mess Hall | St Marks Anglican Church and Dunwich Public Hall","street_address":"Junner Street","suburb":"DUNWICH","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2000-07-28","description":"St Mark's Church
\nSt Mark's Church is located at the corner Rous Street and Ballow Road, Dunwich, North Stradbroke Island on a parcel of land that falls toward Ballow Road. The building is set back from the street frontages and a line of pine trees follows the street edge. A significant view across Moreton Bay and on to Brisbane is obtained from the front of the church looking toward Ballow Road.
\nThe church is elevated above ground level and is constructed of timber with a steeply pitched corrugated metal roof. The roof pitch flattens slightly at the eaves creating a semi bell cast profile. Externally the building is clad with timber weatherboards which extend below the floor level to create a solid skirt to the building. At the corner junctions, the boards are mitred and at the gable ends the weatherboards are slightly separated to create a vent to the roof space. Both the roof and weather board details are typical of Dod's work.
\nA recent addition to the church are the steel tie rods to the south eastern side of the building. These rods are integrated into the existing timber tie beams of the building and were installed to stabilise the structural failings of the structure. The tie rods are anchored back to substantial concrete footings which are raised above ground level. A timber cross brace has also been installed on the rear north east wall to further stabilise the structure.
\nEntry to the church is from the Ballow Road frontage by a more recent timber stair with steel handrails. The paired entry doors to the church have an arched head and are timber framed and clad with tongue and groove boards. Windows to the church are three panel timber framed casements with coloured glass infills.
\nInternally the church is a single volume space with a small vestry formed in the southern corner by low height partitions. The ceiling follows the line of the rafters giving greater height to the internal space which is punctuated by two large tie beams. Both the walls and ceilings are lined with timber tongue and groove boarding. A series of generous steps lead to the alter. The timber floors are carpeted in the nave and polished at the steps with a central carpet runner leading to the alter. The interior space is embellished with decorative timber mouldings to the cornice and tie beams.
\nFurniture to the interior space includes the altar of varnished timber with inset quatrefoil panels, a timber framed fabric curtain screen to the alter, the alter rail and varnished pews. A painting by the late aboriginal poet and local Stradbroke resident Oodgeroo Noonuccal ( or Kath Walker) hangs on the southern wall near the alter.
\nLocated at the rear of the site is a more recent building currently used as the thrift shop. This building is rectilinear in plan and is clad with cement sheeting with a simple metal butterfly roof.
\nDunwich Public Hall
\nDunwich Public Hall located at the corner of Junner Street and Ballow Road, Dunwich, North Stradbroke Island. The site is generally an open grassed area with a small number of gum trees to the north east side of the building. Consequently the building is a prominent feature on arrival at Dunwich.
\nThe hall is a substantial low set stretcher bond brick structure which is rectilinear in plan with a simple corrugated iron hip roof. Set centrally on the hip roof is a gabled clerestorey roof comprising five windows on either side of the structure. A verandah extends the full length of the north east side of the building. Located on the south eastern end of the building is the boiler room extension which is constructed of brick to match the existing structure and has a simple skillion roof.
\nNew toilet facilities have recently been constructed in a separate building to the south west side of the hall. This structure is joined to the hall by an enclosed timber battened breezeway. While the structure's form and material echo the details of the original hall, it is clearly distinguished as a new addition to the site.
\nAccess to the hall is via timber framed French doors to the north western end of the building or from the southern end of the verandah. Six timber casement window suites with high level pivot fan lights punctuate the north eastern and south western elevations of the building. Doors and windows include simple paint finished rendered concrete heads and sills. Ventilation to the sub floor area and roof space is via metal and clay wall grilles and timber battened eaves soffits.
\nInternally the building is one large volume with the original servery and scullery at the south eastern end of the building and the new stage at the opposing end. Low height partitions separate the servery and scullery from the rest of the hall. The ceiling is clad with hardboard and timber cover battens and follows the line of the rafters exposing the primary timber trusses which are connected by way of steel plates. The focus of the hall is the central clerestorey which floods the space with natural light.
\nThe floor is polished timber and the walls are a combination of tiles to the lower section and painted brickwork above. A collection of memorial plaques are located on the walls.
","history":"The Benevolent Asylum
\nSt Mark's Anglican Church (1907) and the Dunwich Public Hall (1913) were once integral structures of the Benevolent Asylum located at Dunwich, North Stradbroke Island, from 1864 to 1947. The institution was declared a home for the old and infirm, disabled, inebriates and for a short time lepers. Previously the site had been used as an out station during the settlement of Brisbane (1827-1831), a Catholic mission to local Aborigines (1843-1847) and a Quarantine Station (1850-1864).
\nThe Benevolent Asylum may be likened to the English poorhouses which were established to house and feed those members of the community who were unable to provide for themselves. Under Nineteenth century legislation these poorhouses developed into the stricter regime of the workhouse. Conditions within these workhouses was generally appalling with inmates often being reduced to starvation levels, families separated and inmates forced to perform boring and demeaning work tasks.
\nThe Australian version of the workhouse was the Benevolent Asylum, however it was not a place of committal and was generally considered by the authorities and advocates to be of better social standing. Generally, governments of the period, including the Queensland Government, were loath to recognise the existence of a vagrant class. In the Nineteenth century class structure, poverty was seen as the fault of the individual and governments avoided providing relief to these groups for fear they would establish a level of government reliance. Instead, aid was provided to various charity groups, such as benevolent societies. The government subscribed to a view that this aid should be in the form of kind rather than cash which undermined self reliance and initiative.
\nThe desperate decline of some community groups saw the government eventually forced to subsidise some charity organisations. Unwillingly, they also assumed responsibility for the aged and infirmed who were unable to care for themselves and had no relatives or friends who could support them.
\nIn 1844 the Moreton Bay Benevolent Society formed as a charity administered by citizens. The society was given responsibility for the Brisbane hospital in 1858 as part of the New South Wales government hand over of hospitals to local committees. In 1861 the Queensland Government passed the Benevolent Asylum Act awarding funds to Queensland Hospitals to set wards aside as Benevolent Asylums.
\nWhilst the integration of the asylum into the hospital structure may have alleviated some of the pressure for the Queensland government, over expenditure and crowding stretched hospital facilities to their limit, resulting in requests from the Hospital Committee for the asylum to be removed. In 1863 the hospital committee resolved that the hospital and asylum should be separate institutions. It was suggested this new facility could be a combined benevolent asylum and orphanage. The new building would initially house men until funds became available for further extensions when women and children could also be relocated from the hospital.
\nIn 1864 the government proposed relocating the hospital to Bowen Bridge Road. The hospital committee considered this move a prime opportunity to officially separate the institutions. Following a visit to the asylum, Colonial Secretary Robert Herbert agreed with the suggestion, but on reflection, considered a separate building constructed on the hospital site could be used to house the asylum. The hospital committee disagreed and objected to the proposal resulting in Herbert arranging for the benevolent asylum to be housed by the immigration department.
\nIn 1865, under the control of the Immigration Department, the benevolent asylum was transferred to the old quarantine station at Dunwich, North Stradbroke. The government considered this a temporary relocation, however, the asylum remained at Dunwich until its closure in 1947. Following years of debate between the hospital and state government concerning the responsibility of the asylum, the Colonial Secretary assumed complete control of the facility in 1867 and established an administration which lasted until 1947. However, the government considered asylum inmates responsible for their own condition and as such the asylum was low on the government priority list and funds were administered begrudgingly.
\nDunwich became a repository for the male and female pauper population of Queensland including the old and infirm, the sick and disabled and the orphaned. The incredible mix of people meant the facility was overcrowded and difficult to manage. Coupled with poor funding and unqualified staff, asylum conditions were often appalling. During the depression years the asylum was in heavy demand for the unemployed an elderly who could no longer be cared for by their families. The asylum was now populated with able bodied people, and the administration developed a plan to create in house work which would help support the facility. This prompted the Brisbane Courier at the time to pose the question 'asylum or workhouse?'.
\nA site plan from 1913 illustrates the development of the expanding benevolent asylum at the time of its peak. The development quite obviously expanded the original quarantine station layout and was established on the high ground in a 'u' shape around a lower lying open community space (now the public reserve) which fronted the beach. The asylum at this point included a police station and lock up, visitor centre, public hall, ancillary service buildings, ward buildings, tent accommodation and recreational facilities. Early structures were constructed of timber however later buildings such as the bakery, kitchen, laundry and men's mess hall were constructed of brick.
\nIn 1947 the institution was officially closed as a result of overcrowding and deteriorating health conditions. Over its eighty years the asylum admitted and readmitted 21, 000 people. The institution was then transferred to the old RAAF base at Sandgate, and renamed 'Eventide'. Dunwich was then opened up to government land sales and mining of mineral sand resources. Ward buildings were sold and either relocated on site or to the mainland. More substantial brick structures were demolished. The parcel of land which once formed the community space was gazetted by the government in 1949 as a public reserve and since that time has stood as the community green space of the Dunwich Township.
\nThe development of North Stradbroke island as a popular holiday retreat and rich mineral sand mining resource has meant the barge landing facilities and surrounding area at Dunwich have undergone continual change since 1947. Despite the substantial development of Dunwich, the remnant structure of the benevolent asylum is still echoed in the current town layout.
\nSt Mark's Church
\nInitially church services at the asylum were held in Victoria Hall, the main assembly facility within the complex. This was rectified in 1907 when St Mark's church was constructed at the asylum. While the church was built for the Benevolent Asylum residents, it was not commissioned by the state government. The money to fund the church construction is reported to have been privately donated. The annual report to the Queensland Parliament for the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum for the year ending 1907 noted that, owing to the munificence of an anonymous donor, who takes a great personal interest in the poor, a small church is to be erected. The Church of England authorised the construction and part of the asylum site was leased from the government by the church.
\nLady Chelmsford, the wife of the Governor of Queensland at the time is reported to have donated the money for the construction of the church. In an address to the Queensland Women's Historical Society, Bonty Dickson, a long time resident of the island claimed that when Lady Chelmsford visited the Benevolent Asylum she was shocked and amazed to find that the inmates had no place of worship and so gave the money to build a church at Dunwich.
\nThe church was designed by the Diocesan Architect for the Church of England, Robin Dods. His tender books for October 1907 record the tender for the construction of the church being awarded to the builders Hall and Meyer for the sum of 273 pounds. Dods was an exceptionally talented and original architect, introducing to Queensland the \"formal and philosophical ideas of both the British Arts and Crafts movement and Edwardian classicism.\" At the same time, he refined and re-worked common elements of traditional Queensland houses and methods of construction and his houses exhibited a common-sense and often innovative approach to designing for the sub-tropical climate. Dods produced an impressive and high quality body of work in Queensland including hospital, commercial and ecclesiastical buildings as well as many residences.
\nThe first chaplain of the church was Reverend W Richner who was appointed in an honorary capacity, representing the City and Dunwich and St Helena Mission. After the Benevolent asylum closed the church continued to be used by local residents. In 1973 the building was condemned by the Redland Shire Council as it was considered structurally unsound. However the Stradbroke residents united to raise funds to carry out emergency repair works and save the church from demolition. In 1977 the Archbishop of Brisbane the Reverend Dr F. R. Arnott held a service of thanks at St Mark's to celebrate the event. Since that time a series of conservation works have been carried out on the church .
\nDunwich Public Hall
\nDunwich Public Hall located at the corner of Junner Street and Ballow Road, Dunwich, North Stradbroke Island, was constructed in 1913. Formerly the men's mess hall at the Benevolent Asylum, the building was ordered and funded by the Queensland government. Department of Public Works Tender records confirm that tenders for the proposed works were received at the Department of Public works on Friday 7 March 1913. The contractor selected to carry out the works is noted as Graham and Speering.
\nThe mess hall was located centrally within the asylum along with the kitchen, laundry and stores. Goods received from the mainland were transported to the mess hall and other buildings by a horse drawn tram system. This tram system was also used to transport food in huge pannikins from the kitchen, located approximately 200 yards away, to the mess hall. Consequently, food was often served cold which was a point of much debate amongst the inmates.
\nThe hall seated 400 single men and had provision for a servery and scullery at one end. The walls were partially lined with tiles for hygiene purposes and the clerestorey windows and large side windows ventilated the large room and flooded the space with natural light. Head attendants were said to supervise the meals which were served by inmate labour. After 1913 the building was extended to include a boiler room which provided hot water to the kitchen wash up troughs. It is reported that during WWII the floor of the hall was removed and an air raid shelter dug into the floor.
\nMost of the buildings associated with the asylum were relocated or demolished with the closure of the facility in 1947. The mess hall however survived this period and has since been used as the Dunwich Public Hall. During that period the building has remained remarkably intact with the only significant building additions being the enclosure of part of the verandah to accommodate toilets and the construction of an interior stage. Most recently the earlier verandah enclosure was removed and new toilet facilities established in a separate building connected to the hall by way of a timber battened breezeway.
","criteria":"St Mark's Anglican Church and the Dunwich Public Hall are important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history, being surviving buildings of the former Benevolent Asylum.
|The places demonstrate rare aspects Queensland's cultural heritage being surviving intact examples of the type of buildings that were once part of the only nineteenth century Benevolent Asylum in Queensland.
|The places demonstrate rare aspects Queensland's cultural heritage being surviving intact examples of the type of buildings that were once part of the only nineteenth century Benevolent Asylum in Queensland.
|The establishment and administration of the Benevolent Asylum illustrates the social policies adopted by the Queensland Government of the late Nineteenth and first early part of the Twentieth century to deal with those elderly, sick or disabled members of society who were unable to care for themselves.
|The buildings are important for their aesthetic significance. St Mark's Anglican Church exhibits outstanding architectural quality and has significance as a surviving intact example of the ecclesiastical work of important Queensland architect Robert S.(Robin) Dods. Whilst modestly detailed, the Dunwich Public Hall is an evocative structure which is prominent on entry to Dunwich.
|As surviving remnants of the Benevolent Asylum both buildings have a strong social association with past inmates of the asylum and their families. Since the closure of the asylum in 1947, St Mark's Anglican Church has remained a place of worship and the former Men's Mess Hall has been used as the Dunwich Public Hall. Accordingly, both buildings have important social associations with the Anglican congregation of Dunwich and the broader Dunwich and North Stradbroke community.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion C | Criterion D | Criterion E | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":16132,"place_ref":601369,"name":"Redland Bay State School","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"125-141 Gordon Road","suburb":"REDLAND BAY","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1997-08-04","description":"Redland Bay State School is located in the bayside township of Redland Bay, approximately 35km southeast of Brisbane. The school is situated inland from the centre of town within a residential area and addresses a main thoroughfare, Gordon Road, to the northeast. The approximately 6ha school site is long and narrow and slopes uphill towards the rear (southwest). The school buildings occupy the northeast end of the site, with terraced playing fields at the southwest end.
\nThe heritage boundary covers only the northeast corner of the school site (part of the original school reserve) and includes most of the Gordon Road street frontage (total area 0.84ha). The significant components of the school complex are:
\nThe two buildings stand in their original locations, set back from Gordon Road and in alignment with each other.
\nTeachers Residence (1886, extended 1898, 1914)
\nThe Teachers Residence is an elevated, timber-framed and -clad building orientated to face Gordon Road to the northeast. It is approximately square in plan, with verandahs on the northeast and southeast sides. It is accessed by a set of main stairs to the northeast verandah and a small landing to a rear entrance on the southwest side. It contains a U-shaped arrangement of seven rooms around a former dining verandah, and has a 1914 bathroom enclosure at the southwest end of the southeast verandah.
\nThe earliest section of the house, completed by 1886, comprises four rooms in an L-shaped configuration along the northern side of the house, including the northern end of the northeast verandah. The rear (southwest) room is the original kitchen with a brick fireplace in the southwest wall (covered over in 2018).
\nThe northeast corner of the house is an 1898 bedroom and verandah extension. The remaining two rooms, central dining verandah, southeast verandah, bathroom enclosure and rear landing were added in 1914. Evidence of the changes and additions made over time can be read in the building fabric, particularly through differences in joinery and internal linings.
\nFeatures of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nElements not of state-level cultural heritage significance include: modern gutters and downpipes; replacement timber balustrade to the northeast and southeast verandahs (not to original design); insect screens to windows; non-original window sashes to northwest kitchen wall; louvred windows; flush doors; kitchen cabinets and tiled splashbacks; non-original flat sheet wall and ceiling linings; floor coverings; toilet enclosure and fitout; bathroom fitout and linings; concrete stumps, steel posts and timber batten screens beneath house; and the detached laundry building.
\nBlock B (1886, extended and modified 1932)
\nBlock B is a lowset, timber-framed and -clad building with a gable roof and southwest-facing verandah. It contains two classrooms divided by a central partition (1932), and has a small room at the northwest end of the verandah (enclosed in 1954). Part of an original hat room survives at the southeast end of the verandah (relocated in 1932). Evidence of the changes and additions made over time can be read in the building fabric, particularly at the join between the 1886 and 1932 sections, and through the differences in materials and joinery.
\nFeatures of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nElements not of state-level cultural heritage significance include: non-original metal roof sheeting (ribbed profile); concrete stumps and ant caps; external fixed shade screens to the northeast windows; the window and skillion-roofed hood in the northwest classroom wall; timber-framed awning windows; louvred windows to verandah; the 1954 verandah enclosure with associated joinery and internal linings; non-original timber balustrades to verandah; verandah access ramp; lights and fans; and non-original shelves and cabinetry.
\nGrounds and views
\nIn 2018, the Teachers Residence and Block B remain nestled in their landscaped grounds. The open areas surrounding these buildings is revealed on approach from the school entrance on Gordon Road.
\nElements of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nGrounds elements not of state-level cultural heritage significance include: other buildings, structures and sheds; pathways; covered walkways; fences and gates; signage; and all other trees, vegetation and gardens not previously mentioned.
\nNon-significant features within the road reserve include: the footpath, road surface, kerb, and all other road infrastructure.
","history":"Redland Bay State School is situated approximately 35km southeast of the Brisbane CBD, within Redland City. The school has provided primary education to local students since its establishment in 1886. Its two original buildings, the Ferguson-designed teaching building and teachers residence, remain on site and have been in continual use since construction. The school grounds are fringed with mature trees including mango trees (Mangifera indica), once an important local crop. The development of the school reflects the transformation of Redland Bay from a highly productive farming area in the late 19th century, to a thriving suburban settlement in the early 21st century.
\nThe region was traditionally the land of the Quandamooka people. The Aboriginal name for the Redland Bay area was Talwalpin; after the cotton tree which was widespread in the area. This naming is reflected in Point Talburpin to the south of the current township.[1]
\nAfter European settlement, Redland Bay was established as a cotton plantation in 1865. Land was subdivided into small farms and housing lots from 1866. While cotton production was short-lived, sugar was a far more lucrative crop. William and Richard Newton established a sugar mill here in the early 1870s, before selling in 1879 to William Dart, who previously operated a sugar mill at St Lucia. In 1884, The Redland Bay Land and Investment Company was formed to further subdivide and sell the land.[2]
\nEducation in the Redland Bay district began with a number of part-time schools which shared teachers. Redland Bay’s first school, initially located at Victoria Point, shared a teacher with Mount Cotton from 1876. Attendance at these schools was intermittent. An 1881 public meeting in Redland Bay established a school committee, with early classes held in the home of mill owner William Dart from late 1881. In 1882 the Victoria Point School became full-time and in March 1884 another meeting was held to establish a school at Redland Bay.[3]
\nThe establishment of schools was considered an essential step in the development of early communities and integral to their success. Locals often donated land and labour for a school’s construction and the school community contributed to maintenance and development. Schools became a community focus, a symbol of progress, and a source of pride, with enduring connections formed with past pupils, parents, and teachers.[4]
\nIn July 1884, Dart offered four acres (1.6ha) of his land (Portion 12) for a school. This land was gazetted as a school reserve in November 1884. Tenders were called for a State School and Teachers Residence in January 1885.[5] Local builder Patrick Horisk was the successful tenderer.[6] The land was purchased from Dart, surveyed, and the teaching building (Block B in 2019) and teachers residence were completed by December 1885. Classes commenced in January 1886 with 45 pupils under the first principal, William Nuttall.[7]
\nTo help ensure consistency and economy, the Queensland Government developed standard plans for its school buildings. From the 1860s until the 1960s, Queensland school buildings were predominantly timber-framed. Standard designs were continually refined in response to changing needs and educational philosophy and Queensland school buildings were particularly innovative in climate control, lighting, and ventilation. Standardisation produced distinctly similar schools across Queensland with complexes of typical components.[8]
\nThe new teaching building was built to a standard design that had been introduced in 1880. Architect Robert Ferguson, employed by the Department of Public Instruction between 1879 and 1885, was responsible for these designs, and was the first to give serious consideration to the ventilation of their interiors. [9] Into the lowset, timber-framed buildings, Ferguson introduced a coved ceiling and vented the roof space. The number of windows and their size was increased from earlier designs; however, they were few in number and sill heights were typically more than 4'6\" (1.3m) above floor level, well above eye level of students. Modestly decorative timber roof trusses were exposed within the space. Built to this standard design, the new school building at Redland Bay was a lowset, timber-framed structure with gable roof, vented coved ceiling and verandahs front and back.[10]
\nThe Redland Bay teachers residence, also a Robert Ferguson design, was built concurrently. Departmental policy was to provide residences for married male teachers in country areas, where it was often difficult to obtain other accommodation. Residences were an inducement for teachers to teach in regional areas and provided the school with a resident caretaker. Ferguson introduced new designs for detached, low set residences with more rooms than previous designs, to better accommodate a family. Characteristics included a verandah at the front and a kitchen with brick fireplace at the rear. The design of Ferguson residences evolved over time resulting in several types, including – a rectangular, four room, hipped-roofed type (eg. former Rosevale State School residence, 1884); an L-shaped, gable-roofed type with four main rooms and a small rear verandah room (eg. Monkland State School Residence, 1883, [QHR602013]); and a larger, hipped roof, five room type (eg. former Templin State School residence, c1892). The Redland Bay residence was of the L-shaped, gable-roofed type, and was built to the southeast of the teaching building. Once common at early Queensland schools, Ferguson residences were extended and upgraded over time to meet changing spatial and functional requirements, or were replaced by more modern residences from the 1920s onwards. Today, Ferguson residences are rare, with only six known surviving examples in 2019, of which three are the L-shaped, gable roofed type.[11]
\nTenders were called for the erection of fencing and gates at the school in January 1887, and for a play shed in June 1889. Improvements to the residence were also undertaken between 1888 and 1890, including ceiling the kitchen and lining internal walls. Trees and gardens were planted to shade and beautify schools and schools celebrated Arbor Day from 1890. Aesthetically-designed gardens were encouraged by regional inspectors, and educators believed gardening and Arbor Days instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes, and inspired people to stay on the land.[12] It was reported that no trees were planted on Arbor Day in May 1894, because so many had thrived from previous years. Similarly in 1895, it was reported that no space was available for more trees, and instead, the children had established flower gardens.[13]
\nTenders were called for painting and repairs to the school in 1897 and for additions to the residence in 1898. The additions, built by A Lind and Son for £84.10s, comprised extending the main sitting room and front verandah to create another bedroom and small rear room. A detached bathroom existed near the kitchen at this time. In December 1911, a tennis court and library were added, courtesy of the daughter of the local publican.[14] Redland Bay was booming at this time. A cooperative sawmill, established in 1911, supplied timber for both building and for fruit cases for transporting local produce. Local resident, William Meissner built a new school playshed in November 1913.[15]
\nWithin the school system, a limited form of rural instruction was introduced in syllabus changes made in 1905 and 1915. The principal avenue of instruction in primary schools was via project club activities such as livestock raising (pigs, calves, and poultry), bee keeping, milk testing, and forestry. Head teacher Alfred Somers initiated agricultural studies at the school in 1910. His 1911 report discussed the cultivation of a pineapple varieties, potatoes, other vegetables and flowers. On Arbor Day 1911, 108 rose cuttings were planted, forming an avenue from the school to the front gate.[16] The mango trees (Mangifera indica) along the front boundary have substantial canopies in the earliest available aerial photo from 1955. The Palms Chutney factory, established at Wellington Point in the 1890s, relied on mangoes from Mount Cotton and Redland Bay for its production. Mangoes were also planted at Cleveland West (Ormiston) and Wellington Point state schools.[17]
\nFurther extensions to the teachers residence occurred in 1914, after the recently appointed principal deemed the house to be un-inhabitable. These extensions by Carbrook builder Christian Kruger involved the removal of the original detached bathroom and rear verandahs and the addition of two new bedrooms on the southeast side; creating a U-shaped house with a dining verandah in the centre, between the new bedrooms and the kitchen. A new southeast verandah was built along the bedroom wing, with a small bathroom at the southern end.[18]
\nRedland Bay continued to prosper during the 1920s. The rich volcanic soils produced a range of fruit and vegetables, with an arrowroot mill established in 1921. A 1922 Royal Commission into proposals for a rail link to Redland Bay and/or Mount Cotton raised the hopes of local farmers for better access to markets. Evidence presented indicated that fruit farming was the main industry, with 50 growers sending 2,600 tons (2358 tonnes) by boat to Brisbane markets annually,[19] and 400 tons (363 tonnes) by rail to interstate markets. The Redland Bay State School principal advocated for the railway, which could potentially provide access to the Wynnum State High School. This railway was not built.[20]
\nExtensions to the teaching building were sought in 1920, but this was rejected, because enrolments had decreased after Victoria Point State School opened in 1916. By September 1931 plans for additions and alterations were produced by the Department of Public Works (DPW), which had assumed the role of school design and construction from 1893. Implicit in these designs were improvements in lighting and ventilation; ideally with enhanced southern lighting.[21]
\nTenders were called in June 1932, and won by E W Hiley in July, at a cost of £189. The teaching building was extended by seven feet (2.1m) to the east, creating two 21 ft (6.4m) long classrooms. A hat room was created on the eastern corner of the rear (southwestern) verandah. The verandah on the front (northeastern side) was removed and new large casement windows were installed with fanlights above. The eaves-overhang was supported by brackets. Gable-end windows and sunshades were removed and sheeted over. Double doors from the northeast wall were reused on the southwest wall extension. [22]
\nRedland Bay State School celebrated its golden jubilee in 1936. Electricity was installed at this time.[23]
\nWith the commencement of the Pacific theatre of war during WWII, the Queensland Government closed all coastal state schools in January 1942, although many reopened on 2 March 1942.[24] Slit trenches were dug in the grounds at Redland Bay State School by the local Volunteer Defence Corps. Redland Bay farmers employed women from the Australian Women’s Land Army to harvest their crops.[25]
\nAn extra classroom was added in 1953 (Block A in 2019) linked by stairs on the verandah of Block B. The exterior to Block B was painted in 1953, as was the interior of the residence kitchen.[26]
\nIn 1954, the government acquired a further four acres (1.93ha) to the southwest of, and contiguous with, the existing school site. This extended sporting fields beyond the small cricket field on the southwest boundary.[27] The new land to the southwest, which sloped uphill from the main road, was gradually cleared and terraced to create sporting fields during the late 1950s.[28]
\nA pine plantation comprising Pinus elliottii (slash pines) and Pinus taeda (loblolly pines) was established in 1950, initiated by the Principal Mr E Scatini. The plantation totalled 130 trees by 1958; but was reduced to 73 by 1974. Aerial photography suggest the plantation was not as substantial as those found elsewhere, such as at nearby Mount Cotton State School.[29]
\nBlock B has been altered over its lifespan in accordance with changes to educational policy and school needs. In 1954, the hat room on the western corner of the rear verandah was extended to create a library. It is likely that the casement windows on the northwestern gable end were added at this time to improve lighting in the classroom, following the verandah enclosure. Changes to the teachers residence include a new toilet to the southeast corner of the verandah in 1965/66.[30]
\nAnother adjoining land parcel to the northwest was acquired in 1976 (Sub 9, Portion 12A) comprising 8.577ha, allowing for the expansion of the school. By this time the school had an enrolment of 208 pupils; more than double its 1951 enrolments of 100.[31]
\nRedland Bay State School celebrated its centenary in 1981; acknowledging 100 years since classes began in Dart’s house. Celebrations were attended by two former pupils, both aged in their nineties, who had enrolled in 1886 when the new school building opened. [32]
\nBy 1983, enrolments reached 273, and the southern suburbs of Redland Shire, Victoria Point and Redland Bay, grew rapidly in the 1990s.[33]
\nIn 1993 a ramp was provided as access to the verandah of Block B.[34]
\nFollowing the retirement of the head teacher in 1993, the school residence became vacant. The school community were concerned that the residence would be demolished, as per departmental policy of the time, and nominated the building for inclusion on the Queensland Heritage Register (QHR) in 1994. The residence was entered into the QHR in 1997. Since 1994, it has been used for various purposes including a resources centre, speech and occupational therapies, remedial work and teaching areas.[35]
\nIn 2012 a performing arts centre was built on the site of the early tennis court, facing Gordon Road. Its construction necessitated the removal of most of the pine plantation, leaving nine pine trees along the southern boundary. Other remnant mature trees within the school grounds include a date palm (phoenix dactylifera), mango trees (Mangifera, sp.), a fig tree (ficus, sp.) and camphor laurels (cinnamomum camphora), chiefly on the front boundary.[36]
\nIn 2017 the school had an enrolment of 876 students who lived in a combination of rural and semi-rural acreage, and medium to high density housing estates. In 2018, some Redland Bay State School students represented the fifth generation of their family attending the school.[37] In 2019, Redland Bay State School continues to operate from its original site with its two original buildings, set in landscaped grounds with playing areas and mature shade trees. The school remains a key social focus for the community, as generations of students have been taught there and many social events held in the school’s grounds and buildings since its establishment in 1886.
","criteria":"Redland Bay State School, (established 1886) is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture in Queensland.
\nThe place retains early and rare representative examples of standard government designs that were architectural responses to prevailing government educational philosophies. The suburban site with mature trees, and other landscaping features demonstrates the importance of play and aesthetics in the education of children.
\nThe Ferguson-designed Timber Teaching Building (Block B; 1886, extended and modified 1932) demonstrates an early standardised design that sought to address the practicality and comfort of school buildings; with later modifications that improved natural lighting and ventilation.
\nThe Teachers Residence (1886, extended 1898, 1914) provides evidence of departmental policy to provide accommodation for married male head teachers as an inducement to teach in country areas and to provide a resident caretaker on the site.
|The Teachers Residence at Redland Bay State School is a rare and important surviving example of a Ferguson-designed teachers residence, a building type that was once common in Queensland schools. Highly intact, it is one of six known examples of Ferguson residences surviving in Queensland.
|Redland Bay State School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early Queensland state school complex, comprising a pair of buildings designed by Robert Ferguson, located on a large landscaped site with mature trees and play areas.
\nThe Teaching Building (Block B; 1886, extended 1932) is a good example of a standard Ferguson-designed timber school building with later alterations by the Department of Public Works and demonstrates the principal characteristics of its type. These include its lowset gable-roofed form with verandah; timber-framed and -clad construction; louvred gable end ventilation panels; vented coved ceiling and alterations to improve natural lighting and ventilation including: verandah removed from the northeast elevation; and introduced banks of timber-framed casement windows.
\nThe Teachers Residence (1886) is a rare, intact example of a Ferguson-designed timber residence with later extensions and alterations by the Department of Public Works (1898 and 1914). The Ferguson-designed section retains the principal characteristics of its type, including: its lowset, gable-roofed form; front verandah; original joinery and internal linings; rear kitchen with brick fireplace; and its L-shaped layout of rooms. The 1898 and 1914 additions are good examples of alterations that were commonly made to teachers residences to meet changing spatial and functional requirements, and include a dining verandah and bathroom enclosure (both 1914).
|Redland Bay State School has a strong and ongoing association with past and present pupils, parents, staff members, and the surrounding community through sustained use since its establishment in 1886. The place is important for its contribution to the educational development of Redland Bay, with generations of children taught at the school, and has served as a prominent venue for social interaction and community focus. Contributions to its operations have been made though repeated local volunteer action, donations, and an active Parents and Citizens Association.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion D | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":16137,"place_ref":601374,"name":"Fernleigh","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"73 Shore Street East","suburb":"CLEVELAND","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1994-03-11","description":"Fernleigh, fronting Shore Street East to the northwest and bounded by GJ Walker Park to the east and south, is a single-storeyed timber residence with a detached kitchen house overlooking Moreton Bay and Stradbroke Island to the east.
The residence has a corrugated iron gable roof, in which an attic space has been enclosed in recent years, with a large dormer window to both the northwest and southeast. The building has both timber and concrete stumps, with a timber batten skirt to the perimeter. It has verandahs to all sides with corrugated iron skillion roofs, boarded soffits and timber posts. The exterior walls are weatherboard and the building has sash windows of cedar, some of which have timber shutters, with a row of more recent silky oak sash windows to the eastern corner room. The southwest corner of the verandah has been enclosed with vertical boarding to form a bathroom and storeroom.
Internally, the building has four rooms with a central corridor. A stair has been added to the western room to access the attic bedroom. Walls and ceilings are of unpainted beech boarding, and floors are of polished beech. A brick fireplace with a timber surround is located in the southern room. The fireplace has had its earlier render removed. The attic has been lined with hardboard sheeting, it has a pine floor and casement windows are located in the gable ends.
The kitchen house is located to the south of the residence and is linked via a covered walkway. It has a corrugated iron gable roof with verandahs to three sides, the southeast wall being of weatherboard and containing a stove recess. The building has both timber and concrete stumps, with a timber batten skirt to the perimeter. The northeast verandah has weatherboard infill below the hand rail, with timber rail balustrade to the northwest and southwest. The verandah soffits are unlined and the southern corner has been enclosed to form a bathroom. The northwest wall of the kitchen house is constructed of split logs laid vertically, and the southwest wall is of pit-sawn vertical boards.
Internally, the building consists of two rooms with a vertically boarded timber partition between. The ceiling is boarded, walls are lined with hardboard sheeting with timber cover strips and it has mainly sash windows.
A recently constructed weatherboard garage with a corrugated iron gable roof is located at the southwest boundary.
The grounds include a very large Fig tree at the southwest boundary, two large Candle Nut trees framing the driveway near the northwest boundary, a Macadamia Nut tree and Black Bean tree to the west of the residence, large Eucalypts near the western and southern corners of the site, as well as numerous smaller shrubs and flowering plants. The northwest boundary has a timber paling fence, with a timber pergola structure over the entrance gate. The northeast and southeast boundaries have wire fences.
","history":"Fernleigh, consisting of a timber cottage and adjoining timber kitchen house, is located on Shore Street East in the area around the Cleveland Point where much of the early development of Cleveland took place. Fernleigh was permanently occupied from the early-mid 1880s by William Taylor, following his retirement from his business in Brisbane.
The first land sale took place in Cleveland in 1851, and was considered a great success, being described as "...The competition for the Cleveland lots was very spirited...the result [of the sale] shows considerable confidence.". At the time of the sale, Ipswich was still a strong contender for the capital of Queensland and there was strong rivalry between Cleveland (promoted by Ipswich interests, supported in turn by the Darling Downs squatters) and Brisbane, as to which would become the port to serve the north.
The allotments on which Fernleigh stands, lots 14-16 of section 11, were acquired in the 1851 land sale by Jeremiah Scanlan, Robert Cribb and William Augustine Duncan respectively. The three men were actively involved in the development of the Moreton Bay settlement: Scanlan as a Brisbane hotel proprietor; Cribb as a baker and politician who acquired extensive land interests; and Duncan, a former Sydney journalist who took up a position as Sub Collector of Customs in Brisbane from 1846.
As records do not clearly identify whether it was lot 15 or lot 16 on which Fernleigh was built, it is unclear whether it was Cribb or Duncan who actually was responsible for the erection of Fernleigh. It is however, evident that each of these men had an interest in the development of Cleveland and closely followed the debate regarding the future role of the township.
During the early 1850s, Cribb bought much land at both Brisbane and Cleveland land sales, apparently not wanting to "miss out" when the decision between Brisbane and Cleveland was made. Duncan was a strong advocate of settlement at Cleveland, expressing the opinion that "... Brisbane can never be aught but a country village..." and that "...the Government should not hesitate to open a Township at Cleveland Point...".
Locally, it is held that Fernleigh was built during the 1860s as a holiday house for Taylor, who had arrived in Brisbane in 1849. It is possible however, that references to Taylor at Cleveland during this period derive from his purchase of land, in the vicinity of Fernleigh, in the 1851 land sale.
By the late 1850s, Brisbane was finally recognised as the main port for Queensland. Cleveland remained isolated, developing into one of two fashionable Brisbane holiday resorts, the other being Sandgate to the north of Brisbane.
The Taylor family's first recorded connection with Fernleigh is in 1879, when Taylor's daughters, Ellen, Ann and Elizabeth acquired lots 14-15. Also in 1879, Taylor purchased the Cleveland State School building for £9, and it is understood that he moved this building to Fernleigh where it became the kitchen house. Prior to being used as a schoolhouse, the building was a cottage/shop in Cleveland, on land owned by the Hon A MacAllister. It was acquired by the Board of Education in 1868 for use as the first Cleveland State School which opened in April of that year.
Taylor acquired lot 16 in 1882, possibly at the same time he retired from his business (early-mid 1880s). Taylor moved to Fernleigh, where he lived until his death in 1895. The title to lot 16 passed to Taylor's daughters, and Fernleigh remained in the Taylor family until the 1960s.
The house was proposed to be converted into flats during the 1970s/early 1980s. Fernleigh was acquired by the present owners in 1987.
","criteria":"Originally a cottage, the kitchen house was used as the first Cleveland State School prior to its removal and re-erection at Fernleigh. Fernleigh is located on the land which was part of the first survey and sale at Cleveland in 1851 and demonstrates the pattern of subdivision and development of Cleveland along the peninsula.
|Fernleigh is characteristic of a modest 1860s timber dwelling, having a four room core and detached kitchen house.
|The timber buildings and established garden have aesthetic quality, and form an integral part of the mature townscape of Cleveland Point.
|These structures remain as two of few surviving buildings associated with the development of Cleveland from the 1860s, and as such maintain a special association with the community.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion D | Criterion E | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":16256,"place_ref":601493,"name":"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Lucas Drive","suburb":"LAMB ISLAND","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1995-04-03","description":"The Lamb Island Pioneer Hall is a modest timber cottage located at the end of Lucas Drive on the easterly side of Lamb Island. It is sited on the edge of a hill that slopes down towards Moreton Bay, overlooking treed recreation grounds. The building has a gabled corrugated iron roof over a simple rectangular structure resting on timber stumps, and has verandahs with skillion roofs to the west and east (the latter is now enclosed). The building is entered via central stairs to the western verandah, and the eastern verandah commands views of the Bay.
The building is clad for the most part in weatherboard, excepting a chamferboard section to the western (front) verandah. It has a corrugated iron watertank and former stove recess to the north-west corner, and timber stairs at each end of the eastern verandah.
Internally, the Lamb Island Pioneer Hall comprises four rooms: a kitchen and library to the eastern side and a larger meeting/recreation room (formerly two rooms) adjoining an enclosed verandah to the western side. The walls and ceilings are lined with vertically jointed timber boards, and some rooms have exposed internal framing.
The hall contains pictures and artefacts that relate to its history, including: a painted timber sign that reads FARM HOME of Mr & Mrs C.A. HINE BUILT in 1924, photographs of the building and its users, and paintings of the building by local residents.
","history":"Pioneer Hall was erected reputedly in 1924, as a farmhouse for Cecil Hine of Lamb Island.
Ngudooroo, or Lamb Island as it was later known, was one of a group of islands in Moreton Bay which included Macleay, Russell and Karragarra Islands, located southeast of Cleveland and east of Redland Bay. The four islands appear to have been surveyed during the late 1860s and early 1870s, and portions of land on the islands were auctioned from this time.
The whole of Ngudooroo was acquired by John Harris in 1871. John and his brother George had a shipping and importing business in Brisbane from the late 1850s to the 1870s. J & G Harris also acquired land on the southern end of Macleay Island which they subsequently advertised for sale in 1871 as a Valuable Freehold Sugar Estate. The Harris brothers' firm was declared insolvent in 1878, and John's land on Lamb Island was transferred to Arthur Biddle, then to Joseph Darragh, and John Cameron, the Brisbane auctioneer. Cameron sold the land in 1886, and subdivision of the island commenced the following year. The land changed hands a number of times before it was acquired by Hine in 1919.
Locally, it is understood that Hine arrived at Lamb Island in the mid 1910s, and married Amelia Cox in 1923. By the mid 1920s, Hine's farm was one of approximately five farms on the island. Lamb and the neighbouring islands are recorded as producing fruit crops such as pineapples and bananas by the twentieth century. Oyster gathering was also carried out on the islands.
Hine extended his farmhouse reputedly in the mid 1930s, and sold the property in 1956. The property came under the control of the Redland Shire Council in 1974. In 1976 a meeting was held in the "old farmhouse" to re-form the Lamb Island Progress Association. The farmhouse, by then in a deteriorated condition, was repaired by the community in 1977 and became known as Pioneer Hall. The official opening of Pioneer Hall was held in May 1978. The Hall continues to be used extensively as a venue for community functions and groups, and is understood to be one of few extant early twentieth century farmhouse buildings on the island.
","criteria":"As one of few surviving farmhouses on Lamb Island, Pioneer Hall also maintains an association with the development of farming on the island [originally Ngudooroo] from the 1870s.
|Lamb Island Pioneer Hall, erected c1924 as a farmhouse, represents a focal point for communal activities on the Island, and maintains a special association with the Lamb Island community.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":16663,"place_ref":601927,"name":"Serpentine Creek Road Cemetery","alternate_name":"South Redland Bay Cemetery | Redland Bay Cemetery | Cemetery 219","street_address":"398-408 Serpentine Creek Road","suburb":"REDLAND BAY","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1999-01-06","description":"The Serpentine Creek Road Cemetery is a 2.023 hectare [5 acre] cemetery reserve located on the eastern side of Serpentine Creek Road, just south of the intersection with Scenic Road, in southern Redland Bay. The reserve, rectangular in shape, runs east-west along a gravelly ridge, with farms on three sides and a frontage to Serpentine Creek Road. Being the only remnant forest on this side of Serpentine Creek Road, and sited on a rise, the place is prominently profiled on the horizon.
Several graves have been identified at the southwest corner of the site, near the road frontage. This area has been cleared of saplings and undergrowth, leaving naturally re-vegetated eucalypts and grasses. The remainder of the block is open woodland of principally casuarina, wattle and grass tree. There has been a high level of disturbance of the reserve through frequent fires and later grazing, which may account for the high proportion of more resilient casuarina and wattle at the expense of other indigenous species such as eucalypts and bloodwood. While there are no old-growth trees on the reserve, the original mix of species survives, and there is a particularly high diversity of indigenous flora, including one species of wildflower found only within the reserve. The vegetation mix is similar to that in the nearby Serpentine Creek Conservation Park, and, with so much of Redland Bay's indigenous vegetation lost to farming and encroaching residential development, remains important to the genetic exchange among plant species.
There is a wire and timber post fence along the northern end of the street frontage, but no perimeter fence around the graves. The burnt remnants of a post and top-rail fence, aligned east-west through the centre of the reserve, survive. These fences appear to be associated more with later grazing of the reserve than with the early cemetery.
There are just over a dozen identifiable graves, with names including Dittman, Doig, Fielding, Heinemann, Sinclair and Walker - all from early Redland Bay farming families. All the graves face east, aligned in several rows running north-south. It is not clear whether they have been arranged by religious division. Some headstones survive, bearing dates ranging from 1896 to 1909, and include the work of monumental masons W Bateson & Sons of South Brisbane, AL Petrie of Toowong and J Simmonds of Brisbane. Nearly all the headstones and grave surrounds [including two cast-iron surrounds] have been damaged. The most prominent memorial in the cemetery is that executed by AL Petrie - a sandstone obelisk, comprising plinth, shaft and column, with a marble plaque on the eastern face bearing the inscription: In loving memory of Willie, only son of Wm and Eliza Fielding who was drowned in Redland Bay while attempting to save the life of others 30th Dec 1905 aged 18 years.
","history":"Serpentine Creek Road Cemetery was established in 1890 as the Redland Bay Cemetery, serving the farming community of Redland Bay and nearby Mount Cotton and Gramzow [now Carbrook]. It closed c1945, but remains a Cemetery Reserve under the trusteeship of Redland Shire Council.
Land in the Redland Bay district, which extends from south of Cleveland to the lower Logan, and from the bay about 3 miles west to Mount Cotton, was taken up for closer settlement under the Cotton Regulations of 1860 and the Coffee and Sugar Regulations of 1864. There was also heavy logging of the valuable cedar and beech stands at this period. By the mid-1870s Redland Bay was well-known as a sugar district, dominated by the Redland Bay Sugar Plantation. This had been established by the Newton family in the 1860s and by 1870 was the principal sugar cultivator and employer in the district. However, much of the land at Redland Bay had been taken up by speculators in the 1860s - by 1871 there were only a dozen or so Redland Bay farms [exclusive of the Redland Bay Plantation] and 1 farm at Mount Cotton, supporting a total population of 40. More extensive farming at Redland Bay did not develop until the 1880s, when boom prices encouraged the sale of land to farmers.
By the early 1880s, sugar cultivation at Redland Bay and Mount Cotton had mostly succumbed to competition from north Queensland, although the Heinemann family at Mount Cotton continued to grow sugar on a substantial scale until the turn of the century. By the late 1880s, Redland Bay had emerged as a prosperous fruit-growing district - principally bananas, oranges and pineapples, with passionfruit a successful 20th century crop. Redland Bay State School was opened at the beginning of 1886, and Redland Bay farmers were the first in the district to erect a School of Arts [a substantial timber building opened in August 1889]. In 1889 their farmhouses were described as large roomy wooden houses of pleasing designs . . . and . . . in front of almost every house is a well stocked and neat flower garden.
In the early 1870s the densely scrubbed Mount Cotton district had been taken up by mainly German immigrants, who in 1875 erected St Paul's Lutheran Church at the intersection of what became known as the German Church Road and the Mount Cotton Road. They established a burial ground adjacent to the Church [601660], and the majority of the graves in this cemetery are those of the German pioneers of the Gramzow and Mount Cotton areas and those of their descendants. However, this cemetery did not serve the needs of the wider farming community. It was some miles over badly formed roads from Redland Bay, and was a Lutheran cemetery.
In September 1889 the Tingalpa Divisional Board, on behalf of the residents of Redland Bay, Gramzow and district, made application to the Lands Department for the reservation of portion 84a, parish of Redland [about 20 acres], as a Cemetery Reserve. 5 acres of this was gazetted as a cemetery [R.219] in February 1890, and five Redland Bay farmers [Frederick Muller, James Collins, Edward Heinemann, James Moore and Daniel James Collins] were appointed trustees in May 1890. Muller and DJ Collins were also members of the Tingalpa Divisional Board, and Edward Heinemann was the brother of the chair of the 1889 Tingalpa Divisional Board, Hans Heindrich Heinemann of Mount Cotton, and later served on the Tingalpa Shire Council. Several of the cemetery trustees were also on the committees of the Redland Bay School of Arts and the Redland Bay State School.
The chosen site lay on the road from Redland Bay to Gramzow on the Logan [now Serpentine Creek Road], about half-way between the two districts, in southern Redland Bay. It does not appear to have been farmed prior to reservation, and was heavily timbered with gum, casuarina [she-oak], bloodwood and grass tree, with mahogany and turpentine interspersed. It is not known how much of the 5 acres was cleared for cemetery purposes.
The 1890 cemetery reserve was known as the Redland Bay Cemetery, and remained the only public cemetery in the district for about 18 years. By the early 1900s, however, it was considered too inconveniently distant and 'desolate' for many in the Redland Bay community. In September 1907, Councillor PP Outridge of Tingalpa Shire Council offered to donate a block of 22 acres at Gordon Street, close to the township of Redland Bay, conditional upon 5 acres being used for cemetery purposes, and the remainder for public recreation. The offer was accepted by the Council, despite the refusal of the trustees of the existing Redland Bay Cemetery on Serpentine Creek Road, to relinquish their trusteeship.
Title to the Gordon Street land passed to the Council in late 1907 and a 5 acre cemetery was established on the site, with the first burial taking place early in February 1908. To avoid confusion with the Redland Bay Cemetery at Serpentine Creek Road, the new cemetery was known as the North Redland Cemetery from March 1909. Only four interments were removed from Redland Bay Cemetery and re-interred at North Redland Cemetery - 1 in 1908, 1 in 1923, and 2 in 1929 - and the two Redland Bay cemeteries continued to operate in tandem for some decades. By August 1925 the 1890 cemetery was known as the South Redland Bay Cemetery, when Edward Heinemann of Redland Bay, one of the original trustees of the Redland Bay Cemetery, was interred there. The cemetery was closed c1945, and by the late 1970s part of the reserve was being used for grazing purposes.
In 1908 James Moore had resigned as a Trustee of the Redland Bay Cemetery, and had been replaced by another local farmer, Albert Muller. Despite the passing of the original trustees, no further change of trustees was officially recorded until, following public petition that the place be conserved, control of the cemetery reserve passed to the Redland Shire Council in 1977. Grazing on the reserve ceased at this point.
In 1995, the old cemetery on Serpentine Creek Road was identified in the Redland Heritage Study as a place of local and regional significance. Recently the local community, with assistance from Redland Shire Council, has undertaken work on clearing the grounds, identifying grave sites, recording information from the surviving headstones, and establishing a botanical inventory. Following a 1997 fire, which destroyed much of the casuarina forest on the site, substantial re-growth of other indigenous species has occurred.
","criteria":"Serpentine Creek Road Cemetery, established 1890, evidences the closer settlement of the Redland Bay district in the late 19th century, when it was established as a prosperous fruit-growing district. The small cemetery, set on the top of a ridge amid farm lands, is evocatively illustrative of the efforts of early, isolated farming communities to improve local facilities.
|The place is significant also for its remnant and now uncommon indigenous vegetation mix, in a district which has been heavily farmed since the late 19th century.
|The place has aesthetic value in its prominent skyline profile and in the rusticity of the few surviving grave sites, which contain several headstones and memorials, and grave surrounds in concrete and iron.
|The place has strong significance for many families in the Redland Bay district, because of its association with their family history and with the establishment of their community.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion E | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":16669,"place_ref":601933,"name":"Cleveland Police Station and Court House (former)","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"1 Passage Street","suburb":"CLEVELAND","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1999-03-26","description":"The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is a low-set, single storey, timber building overlooking the memorial reserve on the corner of North and Passage Streets, Cleveland. Two projecting gabled wings are linked by a single-room width verandahed wing to form a H-shaped plan. The east and middle wings are the former station residence and the west wing accommodates the former courthouse and office. Clad with weatherboards, the building has tongue and groove boarding to the interior and verandahs and a skirt of vertical battens around the base. The front and side verandahs have solid, curved timber valances and battened balustrades. Bellcast hoods sit over the casement windows to the gabled fronts of the flanking wings. Small timber louvred rectangular vents sit above the hoods. The flèche rising from the middle wing roof ridge has been removed. The roofs are sheeted with corrugated fibrolite.
Surrounded by verandahs, the station residence is entered from the verandah to North Street. The front door opens into a hall extending to the rear dining verandah. The east wing has two bedrooms and a kitchen all opening onto a sleepout verandah. The kitchen also opens to the enclosed rear dining verandah of the middle wing which contains the living room and a bedroom both flanked by the front and rear verandahs. French doors open from the bedrooms and living room to the verandahs. There are discreet battened fan lights with a small, s-shaped decorative mid-panel to the living room and bedrooms off the hall. An eight-pane sash window opens from the kitchen to the dining verandah. The bathroom is off the rear dining verandah behind the kitchen and a toilet has been added adjacent to the bathroom in the corner of the rear verandah.
The west wing has undergone a number of alterations. The former entrances to the courthouse and office were off the west verandah to Passage Street. The verandah is now enclosed and partitioned into an office and storage area and is no longer accessed from Passage Street. Concrete paths from 1935 indicate the location of the two sets of timber stairs that arrived at the west verandah and concrete stairs to the verandah remain from later alterations. The courtroom is partitioned into two offices and a corridor runs between the former verandah and courtroom to the brick extension built to the south. The sheeted and battened ceiling of the courtroom is intact and part of the glass partition between the courtroom and the office is visible above the doorway in the corridor.
A small, detached, timber washhouse with a corrugated iron clad skillion roof lies immediately south of the east wing. Set on a concrete floor and clad with weatherboards the washhouse has exposed timber framing to the interior, some timber shelving and a copper in the south-east corner.
There are two later extensions to the police station built to the south of the west wing. A brick and timber extension connects directly to the former office and a steel framed demountable extends further south from the earlier extension. There are a number of outbuildings on the site including a brick lock-up and garages. (These structures are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.)
","history":"The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse, constructed 1934-35, is located at the corner of Passage and North Streets. The building is the second purpose built police station and courthouse on the site. It replaced an earlier building constructed in 1879 that also performed both functions.
Governor Fitzroy authorised a town survey of the area in 1850, and soon after proclamation, the first land sale took place in 1851. At the time of the sale, Ipswich was still a strong contender for the capital of Queensland and there was strong rivalry between Cleveland (promoted by Ipswich interests, supported in turn by the Darling Downs squatters) and Brisbane, as to which would become the port to serve the north.
The first police station and lock-up in Cleveland, following Separation from New South Wales in 1859, was located in a building in Paxton Street rented from Frances Bigge. This building survives as the Old Courthouse Restaurant. By the mid-1860s over 100 people were living in the town and government services began to be required. The Cleveland Police District was formed by 1865 and maintained a sergeant and a constable. By the mid-1870s this building was still used for police purposes, although it was becoming evident that a new building was required.
Following the announcement of a reserve in 1874 plans were drawn up by the Office of the Colonial Architect in 1875. Design approval was given to the drawings on 30 August 1875, however, the building was not constructed. In July 1879 the Police Commissioner wrote to the Colonial Secretary commenting on the unsatisfactory condition of the police station. By the end of the year work had begun on the building and was completed in 1880 at a cost of £436. Besides the delay in construction, the courthouse was also built on a different site to the one reserved in 1874. The area of land on the corner of Shore and Passage Streets was proclaimed on 23 January 1884, by which time the police station and courthouse had been built. This area was 'in lieu of that reserved on the 25th September 1874'. The original reserve, known as the 'Paddock' was subdivided and auctioned as allotments on 26 October 1889.
A defined government precinct had been established including the police station and courthouse. When the railway was constructed from Brisbane to Cleveland in the late 1880s, the survey of the line followed the alignment of Shore Street for some distance, before terminating diagonally opposite the police station where the Cleveland Station was constructed. The line was later extended to Cleveland Point, and this station was renamed Cleveland West. By the turn of the century the population of Cleveland had grown to over 500.
The first purpose-built police station and courthouse served the local community for over 50 years, however, by the early 1930s there were calls to replace the building as it was showing its age. Plans were prepared for a new police station and courthouse by WJ Ewart in November 1934. The new police station and courthouse cost almost £1500 and was described in an Annual Report for 1934-35:
\tThis...new building is of timber construction and has a corrugated fibrolite roof. In addition to the courtroom and office with veranda to same, the accommodation consists of three bedrooms, hall, living room, kitchen, pantry, bathroom and sleepout veranda, together with a veranda on front and back, the back verandah being enclosed to provide dining accommodation. A detached washhouse has also been provided, but the existing cell building, stables, earth closets, etc, from the old building have been reused.
The original floor plan dated 30 November 1934 prepared by the Government Architect's Office shows a single story timber building comprising public waiting area, court room, and an office to the rear, open verandahs on the northern, western and eastern elevations and an enclosed verandah on the southern elevation. The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is an example of one of a number of court house types developed by the Government Architect for use throughout country Queensland and in suburban areas.
The Cleveland Courthouse was a purpose-designed building, reflecting the estimated level of use, accommodating the particular needs of the local community, sited to constitute a strong civic presence to that part of the town. A motel now occupies the post and telegraph office site to the south-east, however, there is clear evidence in the park reserve, in the mature tree planting and the war memorial, of the early role of this area as an important civic precinct.
The building has strongly defined 'private' and 'public' sections. The original floor plan states 'plan to be reversed'. The reversal of the plan resulted in the public side of the building prominently facing the corner of Passage and North Streets, lending more privacy to the domestic side of the building. Originally the verandah on the eastern side was open with a lattice screen, the verandah opened to the public space within the court room. This verandah was enclosed as early as 1939 due to the entry of the weather from that direction and alterations and extensions have continued since that time. The flèche has also been removed.
In 1963, there were plans to extend the original building as well as a proposed new cell block. Early outbuildings were altered and later demolished to provide space for additional accommodation. By 1968, the construction of a new courthouse toward Middle Street was proposed. An existing car port was demolished to provide space for the building. During these renovations, the timber steps along the eastern elevation were also removed and replaced with concrete.
Further work was undertaken in early 1973. Toilets were installed in the residence and the brick cell block was constructed, replacing the earlier wooden cells. Earth closets were also removed at this time. Single men's quarters were still extant at the southern end of the site. In the 1970s demountable buildings were added to the police reserve which was originally designed to accommodate five police. By 1982, the early building was further adapted to accommodate the CIB.
By 1998 the building accommodated almost 50 staff at various times. New premises were constructed and staff moved out of the building in December 1998. The building is currently unoccupied.
","criteria":"Constructed in 1934-35, the former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is significant for its association with the development of Cleveland, reflecting the importance of Cleveland as a major centre and port, rivalling Brisbane in its early years as the possible port to serve the north. The first purpose-built police station and courthouse was constructed in 1879, demonstrating the continued judicial use of the site for nearly 120 years.
|The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is significant as a rare example of a combined court house, police station and residential building. Most suburban police stations were not constructed with a courthouse, further demonstrating Cleveland's importance as a major centre outside of Brisbane.
|The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is a fine and intact example of a timber suburban court house. It has a special association with the work of the Government Architect's Office which developed a number of court house types which sought to respond to matters both economic and climatic, as well as providing a high quality of public building even on this modest scale.
|The siting of the former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse at the corner of Passage and North Streets provides evidence of the early role of the area as an important and strongly defined civic precinct, an area which includes the park reserve, mature tree planting and the war memorial. It is significant as an unpretentious building contributing a confident civic presence to the street. Thoughtful planning has produced a commodious building suited to its function.
|The site of the former Cleveland police station and courthouse is significant for a long association with law and order and the dispensing of justice in Cleveland since 1879. The building was a focus for a wide range of community services and this, together with the tradition of constables-in-charge, ensured that the former Cleveland police station and courthouse provided an important community focus in the town.
|The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is significant for its association with Brisbane architect, WJ Ewart, who designed the building. Ewart was Chief Architect with the Department of Public Works from 1923-1927 and Senior Architect from 1927-1934.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion D | Criterion E | Criterion G | Criterion H","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons | The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":16875,"place_ref":602139,"name":"Public Reserve incorporating the Privy Pit and Site of Convict Barracks and Store","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Junner Street","suburb":"DUNWICH","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2000-02-25","description":"The Public Reserve containing the Privy Pit and Site of Convict Barracks and Store is bounded by Junner Street, Ballow Road and Cunningham Street at Dunwich on North Stradbroke Island. Looking toward Dunwich from the point of arrival Junner Street dissects an elevated headland. The heavily vegetated, lower section of headland on the northern side of Junner Street was the location of the military post and stores depot established by Captain Logan. Running out to the southwest from this headland and forming the north eastern extent of the barge landing facility is the causeway which was constructed as part of the outstation. The most complete view of the outstation and causeway as they originally existed may be gained from the northern inshore public reserve near the beach swimming enclosure.
It is no longer possible to view the barracks and store in their entirety. Other than the privy pit, which is located at the base of the south western bank of the headland, there are no visible remains of the convict settlement. Today the site is a public park and children's playground, sheltered by an enormous combined fig tree canopy and bordered by vegetation on the south west and north west bank faces.
It is believed that the foundations of the compound may still be interpreted through careful archaeological excavation and examination. The remains of the privy pit are also not extensive. It is reported that the position of the pit may be marked by a slight depression in the soils surface. From this location the pit drops down about 2.2m to a horizontal tunnel which runs approximately 3-3.5m before reaching the opening in the bank.
The pit is lined with rectangular blocks of sandstone with stone lintels above. This method of construction suggests a trench was dug from the pit to the bank, lined and capped with stone and backfilled. It has been suggested that the Privy pit was originally designed to be washed out with each high tide. This is now difficult to interpret due to the changes in the shore line contours that have taken place over time. More recent additions to the pit carried out by the Redland Shire Council include a stone apron to the face of the bank and the remains of a steel grille which at one time covered the entrance to the pit.
To the north east of the outstation site is the tourist information centre (located on a separate title) and associated car park. Both the outstation site and the information centre are located in the south east corner of the extensive public reserve which is comprised of a rugby league field and picnic area which fronts the beach and swimming enclosure. Vegetation is scattered along the perimeter of the reserve becoming more prevalent along the beachfront . It is possible that some of the established plantings may date from the earlier quarantine and benevolent asylum establishments.
From the elevated Ballow Road boundary of the reserve there is a grand view back to Brisbane. From this point the focal and structuring nature of the reserve in the broader townscape becomes more apparent. The reserve is a picturesque community centre and a memorable gateway to Dunwich and the broader North Stradbroke Island.
","history":"The Dunwich public reserve site includes an area upon which a privy pit, convict barracks and store were constructed in 1827 as part of a military and stores depot servicing the recently established settlement of Brisbane.
In 1823 John Oxley discovered the Brisbane River and a recommendation was made that a settlement should be established on its banks. In June the following year colonial administration proclaimed an intention to establish a settlement at Moreton Bay or in the near vicinity. There was general indecision regarding the type of settlement that should take place following Oxley's glowing report of the area. However, Governor Brisbane proceeded with his original instructions to establish a penal settlement at Moreton Bay, hopeful that one day the area might be opened up to free settlement. Moreton Bay was one of four such penal settlements to be established in Australia in the 1820's.
On the 1st of September 1824 the Government vessel, 'Amity', departed from Sydney bound for Moreton Bay. The ship included Lieutenant Miller, Commandant of the settlement; John Oxley, Commanding Officer and Chief of the expedition; Lieutenant Butler, assistant Surveyor; Allan Cunningham, Botanist; general troops and 29 convicts. Approximately half of the convicts had volunteered in the hope they may gain a ticket of leave for their efforts in establishing the first settlement. The convicts were from varied backgrounds including quarrymen, lime burners, bricklayers, marble polishers, stone cutters, brick makers, plasterers and labourers.
On the 10 September 1824 the 'Amity' arrived in Moreton Bay and following an inspection of St Helena, Redcliffe was selected as the site for settlement as originally recommended by John Oxley in 1823. Redcliffe proved unsatisfactory, however, and the settlement was short lived. In late September 1824, the Amity was nearly driven ashore by a fierce storm, prompting Oxley to declare the site an unsafe place to anchor. Following further exploration of the surrounding waters Oxley discovered a safer point of entry into the bay through the south passage between North Stradbroke Island and Moreton Island.
In October 1824 Governor Brisbane visited the Moreton Bay settlement and following a journey some 30 miles up the Brisbane River endorsed Oxley's earlier recommendations for settlement.
It appears that the settlement was officially relocated from Redcliffe to Brisbane in May 1825, however the dates are unconfirmed. Lieutenant Miller established the settlement on the high ground overlooking the Brisbane River, near the current Victoria Bridge location.
Proceeding the movement from Redcliffe to Brisbane, John Gray, Pilot of Port Jackson, received orders to survey and buoy the south passage as discovered by Oxley. To maintain the buoys, a pilot was posted at Amity Point on North Stradbroke Island. A sandbar at the mouth of the Brisbane River prevented large ships from entering the river and Amity Point became a pilot station at which large vessels unloaded and distributed their cargo to smaller craft capable of navigating the bar and transporting goods into Brisbane. The Amity Point pilot station was the first in the Moreton Bay penal settlement and continued to operate till the wreck of the Sovereign in 1848, when it was relocated to Moreton Island and shipping then used the northern entrance to the bay via Cape Moreton.
In 1827, Governor Darling visited the settlement and amongst other concerns, expressed a dissatisfaction with the inability of large ships to navigate the sandbar at the mouth of the Brisbane River. Captain Patrick Logan, Commandant of Brisbane, recommended the settlement be relocated to Green Point or Bird Island. On 29 November 1827, Governor Darling directed Captain Logan to establish a military post and stores depot at Dunwich, formerly known as Green Point. Plans and materials were sent from Sydney with instructions to establish a warehouse and accommodation for convict labourers, boatmen and soldiers. The plans were drawn by William Dumaresq, Acting Civil Engineer for New South Wales. In May 1828 Logan reported that the magazine at Dunwich was roofed and nearly completed and the military and prisoner barracks at Dunwich were finished and occupied.
The store compound was separated into two sections by a high dividing wall. The separate store building was used for goods and was surrounded by a high perimeter wall with only one entry point. The barracks were to the north west of the dividing wall and provided quarters for both convicts and officers. The privy was in the southern corner of the enclosure with a shaft constructed down and out to the shoreline.
The outstation at Dunwich only functioned for a few years. In 1830 Captain Logan was killed and in November 1831 Logan's successor Captain Clunie requested that the use of the settlement be discontinued. Clunie confirmed cargoes were still being lost over board during unloading in rough weather, local Aborigines were proving hostile and had killed a convict in the garden and the issue of smuggling had not been eliminated. Following its closure, a small guard remained to protect the buildings and records indicate that timber loading continued there until about 1837.
The settlement was briefly used as a Catholic mission to the local Aborigines from 1843 to 1847. The buildings at this time were reported as being derelict and in much need of repair. The mission was never successful and the last Passionist Father was forced to leave the island after continued threats from Aborigines.
In 1849 Brisbane's penal colony was closed and the military withdrawn. As a free colony there was a need for a quarantine station to protect settlers from disease. Captain Wickham proclaimed Dunwich as a suitable place for a quarantine station in 1850 due to its isolation from Brisbane. Dunwich remained a quarantine station until 1864 and received all immigrants coming to Brisbane. The quarantine buildings are noted as being constructed along a ridge which ran down to the jetty. This ridge may be interpreted today as the parcel of land to the south west of Junner Street.
It is not clear whether there was an intention to use the old outstation compound as part of the quarantine station. However, considering the time that had elapsed since the Catholic mission occupied the buildings and the level of deterioration at that point in time, it is probable the compound would have deteriorated further and as such would have been unsuitable for use as part of the quarantine station.
During the time Dunwich was used as a Quarantine Station one of the most notable and tragic arrivals to the settlement was that of the ship, 'Emigrant'. Stricken with typhus fever, the ship had already lost 16 people on its journey from Plymouth to Brisbane. While at Dunwich a further 26 people died including the ships surgeon, Dr George Mitchell, and Resident Surgeon for the Moreton Bay Hospital and Coroner for the Brisbane districts, Dr David Ballow. As the quarantine station had only just opened there had been no time to establish adequate buildings or staff and as such the ketch 'Aurora' was sent from Brisbane to Dunwich with tents and supplies.
From 1864, the Queensland government attempted to establish a Benevolent Asylum at the old quarantine station. In 1866 the asylum was officially opened at Dunwich. The institution was declared a home for the old and infirm, disabled, inebriates and for a short time lepers. To begin with the asylum used the existing quarantine buildings, however as the establishment expanded these facilities became used for hospital and administrative purposes. There is no mention of the convict outstation during this period of settlement.
A site plan from 1913 illustrates the development of the expanding benevolent asylum at the time of its peak. The development has quite obviously expanded the original quarantine station layout and has been established on the high ground in a 'u' shape around a lower lying open space (now the public reserve) which fronts the beach. It is reported that the area was used as a community green space for asylum residents and visitors to the establishment and included a beach swimming enclosure in a similar position to the current facility.
In 1947 the institution was officially closed as a result of overcrowding and deteriorating health conditions. The institution was then transferred to the old RAAF base at Sandgate, and renamed 'Eventide'. Dunwich was then opened up to government land sales and mining of mineral sand resources. Ward buildings were sold and either relocated on site or to the mainland. More substantial brick structures were demolished. The parcel of land which once formed the community space was gazetted by the government in 1949 as a public reserve and since that time has stood as the community green space of the Dunwich Township.
The development of North Stradbroke island as a popular holiday retreat and rich mineral sand mining resource has meant the barge landing facilities and surrounding area at Dunwich have undergone continual change since 1947. Whilst not significant, the physical layers of growth do help to illustrate the development of Dunwich and the importance of the site as an entry to North Stradbroke Island.
Despite the substantial development of Dunwich, the remnant structure of the earlier quarantine station and benevolent asylum are echoed in the current town layout. The central community space of the benevolent asylum is now the focal green space of the township and a memorable entry point to Dunwich. The physical remains of the convict barracks, store, privy pit and causeway may still be interpreted and are a subtle reminder of the historical importance of the place.
","criteria":"Constructed as a military and stores depot in 1827, the site formed the primary landing place for all vessels coming into Moreton Bay and Brisbane and therefore has historical significance for its valuable role in the early settlement of colonial Queensland.
|The Privy Pit and site of the Convict Barracks and Store are extremely important and rare pieces of Queensland's built heritage. With the associated Causeway at Dunwich, Windmill and Commissariat Store in Brisbane and Women's Prison at Eagle Farm it is one of four convict structures known to survive in southeast Queensland.
|Whilst the privy pit and causeway are the only visible signs of the outstation that remain, careful excavation and examination of the site of the convict barracks and store has the potential to yield a greater understanding of Queensland's early convict history.
|The physical fabric of the privy pit clearly illustrates both principal characteristics of European building techniques and construction methods used by convicts to build a structure of this nature in the early part of the nineteenth century.
|The public reserve has aesthetic and social significance as the central public space of the present Dunwich township and previous Benevolent Asylum. Originally a community green space for Benevolent Asylum residents and visitors, the reserve has been central to the development of the current township since the asylum's closure. Today the reserve stands not only as a village green to the town but as a remnant of the town's development over the past 173 years. Views to and from the reserve and site vegetation contribute significantly to the visual qualities of the place.
|Technical achievement is also demonstrated in the design and construction of the privy pit and method by which the high tide was said to have cleansed the pit on a daily basis.
|The public reserve has aesthetic and social significance as the central public space of the present Dunwich township and previous Benevolent Asylum. Originally a community green space for Benevolent Asylum residents and visitors, the reserve has been central to the development of the current township since the asylum's closure. Today the reserve stands not only as a village green to the town but as a remnant of the town's development over the past 173 years. Views to and from the reserve and site vegetation contribute significantly to the visual qualities of the place.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion C | Criterion D | Criterion E | Criterion F | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":17063,"place_ref":602261,"name":"Point Lookout Foreshore","alternate_name":"Mooloomba","street_address":"East Coast Road","suburb":"POINT LOOKOUT","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2004-08-27","description":"This area comprises the whole of the Scenic, Recreational and Camping Reserve at Point Lookout, reserves for Life Savers at Cylinder Beach and Main Beach, the Reserve for Camping near Kennedy Drive.
\nPoint Lookout reserve is a large area of natural bush between the main East Coast Road and the ocean and consists of the rocky headland known as the Point and three small beaches enclosed by rocky headlands and steep vegetated hillsides. All three beaches, Frenchman's, Deadman's and Cylinder Beach, have outstanding scenic coastal landscapes, both as seen from vantage points above and from within the beach landscape.
\nFrenchman's Beach is particularly notable for its scenic value, its scale and intactness and minimal development visible from the beach. A timber staircase leads from the main road to the beach and provides vistas of the beach and the coastal vegetation behind it. This vegetation is extensive and reaches up the high dunes to the road. At the bottom of the high dunes there is a large area of smaller sparsely vegetated dunes that contain depositions of volcanic ash.
\nCylinder Beach lies crescent shaped between rocky headlands, backed by natural vegetation behind the beach and on the headlands. Some of the vegetation behind the beach itself has been removed in past years to provide car parking and camping facilities, although sufficient remains to screen the development on the hills behind the beach. The vegetation on the southern-most headland, Cylinder Headland, is particularly dense and screens a church and other development along Hopewell Street.
\nCylinder Beach faces north and is the most popular swimming beach at Point Lookout. The beach often has a lagoon, which is a popular place for children to swim. Cylinder Headland is used as a vantage point to watch the surfers and the swimmers on the beach and to view Shag Rocks and Moreton Island, which can be seen in the distance.
\nDeadman's Beach lies between Frenchman's and Cylinder Beaches and is also contained by rocky headlands. Some housing development can be seen from the beach above the rocky cliffs and trees at the northern edge of the beach. The remainder of the beach has a dense backdrop of natural vegetation. The southern end of the beach consists of a series of rocky outcrops that contain numerous rock pools. The area behind this part of the beach consists of high dunes and a rocky cliff. The cliff known as Camel Rock is composed of rhyolitic volcanic rock that is heavily fractured and contorted. Where the cliffs join Frenchman's Beach they have eroded in part to form a cave of reasonable size. The high dunes are mostly vegetated, but in one area a large dune is denuded and consists of a large sand drift that is a popular play area for children.
\nSouth of these beaches is a large headland which is the main topographic feature of Point Lookout. It is composed of high rhyolitic cliffs that jut into the ocean. They form a landscape of steep sided narrow gorges, with rock shelves and rocky inlets. The two main inlets are North and South Gorge.
\nThe headland presents vistas from a walking track that follows the top of the cliffs from the site of the old camping and recreation area above South Gorge. The immediate view is of the Gorge and its swimming beach, and of Main Beach and Eighteen Mile Swamp to the south. Further to the east, the track provides panoramic views of the ocean and of Whale Rock with its blowhole. The track winds around North Gorge where there are views of waves breaking on rocks and of the narrow sand inlet at the base of the Gorge. The path then climbs to the headland overlooking Frenchman's Beach and back to the main East Coast Road. The whole walk is about one kilometre long.
\nThe indigenous Casuarina and Pandanus trees dominate the headland vegetation and Banksia and Brush Box the hillsides and more protected parts of the Reserve headland area. While much of the original understorey species have been replaced over time with intrusive garden plants, on the Point Lookout headland most of the grass cover and some of the native shrubs remain.
","history":"Captain Cook named the rocky headland on North Stradbroke Island 'Point Lookout' in 1770, as a warning to shipping. Although the area had been used and occupied for tens of thousands of years by Indigenous people, the first recorded European presence at Point Lookout was in 1803 when Matthew Flinders, returning to Sydney from an ill-fated exploration trip further north, sent men ashore at an area that is now known as Cylinder Beach to collect water from a spring.
Point Lookout remained isolated and although close to Brisbane was rarely visited. The first European settlements on Stradbroke Island were on more accessible parts of the island, where there was safe anchorage. A pilot station was set up at Amity in 1825, and a depot for stores for the penal settlement at Moreton Bay was established at Dunwich in 1827, though this was abandoned shortly afterward.
Warner carried out a survey of the coast from Point Lookout to New South Wales in 1846. This was only a beach transverse, but a survey of the Moreton Bay area by Dixon included an area at Point Lookout as one of a number of government reserves located in various parts of the bay earmarked for possible future use. However, development continued to be in the more accessible parts of Stradbroke Island and in 1850 a quarantine station was set up at Dunwich to be succeeded by a large government benevolent asylum in 1864.
In 1895 Bill North was granted an occupational licence for one year to run cattle around Point Lookout, and he built a hut at the Point and a cattle dip behind Adder Rock. He continued to use the land for a number of years, supplying the asylum at Dunwich with meat.
In 1902 North cared for five surviving crew members of the brigantine Prosperity, which was wrecked at night half a mile south east of Point Lockout. Two of the crew died and were buried behind the dunes on what has continued to be named Deadman's Beach.
Because the government used Stradbroke Island, like other Moreton Bay islands, for institutional purposes, the population of Brisbane did not consider these places as holiday destinations, despite their proximity and natural attributes. Amity Point developed as a small holiday resort, but it was quite separate from Dunwich. The only connection between the two places was by walking along the beach at low tide or along the route of the telegraph line.
The first settlement of Point Lookout occurred in 1932 when a substantial concrete lighthouse was built. A lighthouse and signal station was proposed in 1825 but did not eventuate and in 1848 the pilot station was moved from Amity to Cape Moreton because the South Passage was considered too dangerous. A hut was built to store acetylene cylinders at Cylinder Beach, which derived its name from this usage. Shortly after the construction of the lighthouse Bertie Clayton established a guesthouse above Main Beach. Guests arrived at Amity Point by launch and were collected by him by car and taken back to the guesthouse either along the beach, or at high tide, along a track beside the swamp adjacent to the beach. Clayton's guests were accommodated in tents with timber floors that later evolved into tent-like huts with concrete walls and fibrous cement roofs.
Land was surveyed and offered for sale by the Department of Lands. Most of the blocks sold were situated between the guesthouse and the lighthouse reserve with another small area on the hill behind Cylinder Beach. The land offered for sale was well away from the foreshores and wilderness areas, which were protected from development and made into a Reserve for Camping and Recreation.
In 1935 Hayles Cruises started a regular launch service from Brisbane to Amity Point. This allowed campers and others to visit the Point and encouraged some permanent and weekend settlement. Growth was modest and was halted by the war when the area was occupied by American and Australian forces and placed out of bounds to civilians.
After the War, which had little long-term impact on the area, the Point returned to being a holiday place. It was still difficult to access, requiring a three-hour launch trip from Brisbane and a bus trip over Clayton's rough track from Amity. Building at Point Lookout was difficult as all materials had to be transported from Brisbane by the same route. Some small permanent houses or huts were built mainly for holiday accommodation. A census taken in 1948 showed that the population consisted of 40 permanent residents, 20 holidaymakers in houses and 30 guests at the Samarinda Guest house, the name given by new owners to Clayton's Guest House. A new Clayton's Guest House was constructed behind Cylinder Beach.
The Benevolent Institution at Dunwich closed in 1947 and the area opened for settlement. In 1955 Stradbroke Island was made part of the Redland Shire and shortly thereafter a rough road was constructed linking Dunwich, Amity Point and Point Lookout. In 1957 a barge service was commenced from Redland Bay to Dunwich that allowed regular vehicular access to the island.
Point Lookout experienced an increase in growth and easier access brought it to the attention of the popular press, with numerous articles appearing in newspapers. Increased interest and demand for holiday housing led to the release of more sites for sale by the Department of Lands in the 1970s and 1980s. Growth since has been steady, but development has been small scale and mainly domestic. The Reserve has remained largely intact, although some land was resumed for subdivision in the 1970s and some development is now visible from the beaches.
Point Lookout headland has become a whale watching lookout and a point for observation of passing sea birds. It is a popular place to observe fish, turtles, porpoises, sharks and other marine life. A special vantage point is the headland overlooking Frenchman's Beach that affords good views of the water below.
","criteria":"The Point Lookout foreshore is significant for the rarity and importance of the cliffs to the understanding and appreciation of geology in Queensland.
The foreshore is important for its outstanding natural beauty, offering a wide variety of land and seascape elements and views. The foreshore with its outlooks to the north and south are comprised of a series of beaches, rocky headlands, gorges and rocks, areas of diverse vegetation and rugged water edges of rock ledges, blowholes, tunnels and reefs. It is an area of great diversity and aesthetic complexity and offers panoramic views of the ocean.
The Point Lookout foreshore is valued by the indigenous community of North Stradbroke Island for social, cultural and spiritual reasons and has social significance as a holiday place of long standing both with inhabitants of Stradbroke Island and with those who have been regular visitors.
|The Point Lookout foreshore is significant for the rarity and importance of the cliffs and sea caves in the Triassic rhyolites at Point Lookout to the understanding and appreciation of geology in Queensland.
|The foreshore is important for its outstanding natural beauty, offering a wide variety of land and seascape elements and views. The foreshore with its outlooks to the north and south are comprised of a series of beaches, rocky headlands, gorges and rocks, areas of diverse vegetation and rugged water edges of rock ledges, blowholes, tunnels and reefs. It is an area of great diversity and aesthetic complexity and offers panoramic views of the ocean.
|The Point Lookout foreshore is valued by the indigenous community of North Stradbroke Island for social, cultural and spiritual reasons and has social significance as a holiday place of long standing both with inhabitants of Stradbroke Island and with those who have been regular visitors.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion E | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":19550,"place_ref":602181,"name":"Norfolk Island Pine Trees","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"127 Shore Street North","suburb":"CLEVELAND","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2003-11-21","description":"The Norfolk Island Pine trees are located at 127 Shore Street North, along the road leading to Cleveland Point, nearly half way between the former Cleveland Hotel and Paxton Street, on the eastern side of the road. The trees
The maturity of the Norfolk Island Pine trees suggests that they were planted in the 19th century, and photographic and documentary evidence suggests that they are likely to date to the middle of the century, probably planted as a part of the 1860s garden surrounding Francis Bigge's cottage on Shore Street North - the site now occupied by Norfolk Pines home units.
","history":"The Norfolk Island Pine trees at 127 Shore Street North, Cleveland, were planted most likely in the early 1860s by Brisbane Valley squatter Francis Edward Bigge, an enthusiastic promoter of Cleveland as a rival to Brisbane. The trees are located on part of allotment 8 of section 6, Town of Cleveland, alienated from the Crown in 1853.
During the 1830s Cleveland was known as Emu Point, a jumping-off point to Dunwich on Stradbroke Island. Despite some early setbacks, Cleveland would eventually become the centre of the developing Redlands district.
Pastoral settlement spilt down the range from the Darling Downs into the Brisbane River Valley during the early 1840s. Squatters who took up runs here included young English brothers Frederic William and Francis Edward Bigge at Mount Brisbane, which they established in 1841. Frederic returned to England c1850, but Francis remained in Queensland for over thirty years. A member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1851, and of the Queensland Legislative Council from 1860 to 1873, FE Bigge was the principal advocate for the establishment of Cleveland as the port for Moreton Bay in the 1840s and 1850s, and held substantial financial interests in the colony. He visited England briefly in the 1850s, where he married in 1857, returning to Moreton Bay in 1858. It is believed that on their return, the Bigges lived mainly at Cleveland, leaving Mt Brisbane in the hands of a manager. By 1868, FE Bigge had three addresses listed in the Post Office directories: Mr Brisbane Station, Cleveland and Brisbane.
The pastoralists of the Darling Downs and West Moreton adopted Ipswich (then called Limestone) as their main supply centre. However, the squatters' interests at Ipswich ran counter to those who wanted Brisbane as the commercial centre and chief port of the region. Exports such as wool could be transported directly from Ipswich to Cleveland, thus bypassing the convict-tainted Brisbane with its river mouth blocked by a bar. Francis Bigge and other pastoralists invested heavily in the port of Cleveland. One 19th century commentator estimated that Bigge eventually spent £10,000 over two decades in efforts to develop Cleveland into an export outlet.
The Brisbane versus Ipswich (and, by implication, Cleveland) argument was often heated. The Moreton Bay Courier of 14 January 1850 reported an Ipswich public meeting which called for a shift of the port to Cleveland. Francis Bigge thundered: The ships for Great Britain would receive at Cleveland Point the produce of the country. They would there load their passengers who, as they passed up to Ipswich in the steamers, would give a cheer for dirty Brisbane.
Surveyor James Warner noted in 1841 that Cleveland offered the only apparently eligible site for a maritime township along this shore of the Bay. By 1842 a track linked Cleveland with Coopers Plains, Ipswich and beyond. This may be the track reported to have been marked out by Francis Bigge and Arthur Hodgson of Eton Vale on the Darling Downs. However, it took another decade of squatter agitation for Cleveland to be officially surveyed.
The claims of Ipswich and the squatters were seemingly sunk by the well-known story of the visit to Cleveland by Governor Gipps in 1842, when he was forced to flounder through low-tide mud lying between the Shamrock and the shore. Brisbane offered a most attractive locality elevated upon the riverbank, but was hampered by the river mouth bar and sixteen miles of meandering river. Ipswich, although more easily accessed by the Darling Downs squatters was even further from the Bay. When the Governor became mired in Cleveland's low-tide mudflats, so too were that centre's claims. With the low-tide mudflats regarded as a more serious barrier to ship-borne trade and communications than the bar at the mouth of the Brisbane River, Brisbane gained the upper hand in its desire to become the principal port and the new colony's capital. Bigge and others pressed their claims regardless.
Bigge and others began to develop Cleveland despite a lack of official surveys. In June 1847 the Moreton Bay Courier reported that some private dwellings had been built. In the same year the first light was erected at Cleveland Point to guide shipping, and a stone jetty was completed. In 1849 Bigge built a large brick hotel. For some years known as "Bigge's Folly", this building [with an additional storey and 'renovated'] is now the Grand View Hotel. Although legend has it that Bigge's Folly was erected initially as a private house, other accounts have it purpose-built as a hotel.
In 1849 Bigge, John Balfour of Colinton and other squatters petitioned the New South Wales Governor to survey land already reserved for the Town of Cleveland. This survey was completed in 1850 and a town was proclaimed in December of that year. William Pettigrew noted at the time that: The talk of late has been about Cleveland ... All eyes are ... set on Cleveland ... A great many of the Sydney people are going to purchase land there as they are sure that Cleveland will become the chief port. At the first auction on 13 August 1851, eighty lots were offered for sale. This land would become the nucleus of the township of Cleveland, officially renamed from Emu Point in July 1851 for the Duke of Cleveland.
At this first land sale a number of Sydney people speculated in Cleveland allotments, including Edmund Tobias of Sydney who purchased several acres. Balfour and Bigge also bought heavily. Balfour's half a dozen allotments comprised over twenty acres, and Bigge purchased (or was a partner in) a dozen allotments totaling some seventeen acres.
In 1852 Francis Bigge commissioned John Petrie to erect a store at Cleveland, and by March 1853 exports were expected to commence next boiling season. In 1853 Bigge built accommodation for his employees - the building at the corner of Paxton and Shore Streets later used as a courthouse and now a restaurant. However, the October 1853 sinking of the Countess of Derby when crossing the South Passage on her way to collect a large quantity of wool and tallow from Messrs Robert Graham & Co was a blow to Cleveland. Then fire in January 1854 destroyed the Courier and virtually its entire cargo of 400 bales of wool. This second disaster prompted Graham to abandon Cleveland, and move his headquarters to Brisbane. Despite these setbacks some further development continued.
The Moreton Bay Courier of 26 August 1854 reported that heading from Bigge's Folly towards the point, we passed two other substantial brick cottages ... but both uninhabited. Published in 1859, Rambles at the Antipodes described Cleveland as one of the most interesting spots in the neighbourhood ... celebrated for some rather abortive attempts at the establishment of a more convenient shipping place than Brisbane itself. Clearly Cleveland's time as potential port or colonial capital had passed, despite the efforts and expenditure by Bigge and others. The writer claimed, possibly erroneously, that Cassim's Hotel was very isolated, the nearest resident being a fellmonger, upon a creek four miles off. It is possible that a number of residences had been abandoned or were used only as summer houses.
An unsourced item probably dating from the early 1870s, held by the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, describes standing on a comparatively high background where there were two hotels and a few small cottages, and from there a track sloped a short distance ... to the lighthouse ... Descending the slope, the first private dwelling on the right was a good-sized cottage, built and owned by Mr Bigge, who a few years previously had returned to England, whereupon his Cleveland retreat was much in favour with certain Brisbane families.
Francis Bigge occupied the land on which the Norfolk Island Pine trees stand, sometime between 1859 and 1863, if not earlier. The land comprised four allotments originally alienated in 1853: two purchased by Sydney speculator Edmund Tobias [allots 7 & 8, sec 6, Town of Cleveland], and two by Moreton Bay squatter John Balfour [allots 9 & 10, sec 6, Town of Cleveland]. Bigge purchased allotments 9 & 10 from Balfour on 31 December 1859. Conveyance of allotments 7 & 8 from Tobias to Francis Edward Bigge of Cleveland was made in October 1863. It is likely that neither Tobias nor Balfour built upon their allotments, but Bigge had erected a house at Cleveland overlooking Moreton Bay by March 1864, apparently on the land he had acquired from Balfour and Tobias.
In March 1869 Bigge applied for a certificate of title for allotments 9 and 10, by which time he had sold the property to politician and Darling Downs squatter Joshua Peter Bell of Jimbour Station. These two allotments comprised 2 roods 31 perches in total, and were valued at £800, suggesting that the property had been improved, and likely contained Bigge's residence. The property at this time was also subject to a lease from 1864 for 7 years, to a Mr Tubbs, but it is not known whether this applied to the whole of allotments 9 and 10. At the same time, Bigge also transferred allotments 7 & 8 to Bell. The total holding then comprised 1 acre 1 rood 11 perches.
JP Bell was one of the most influential men in Queensland, and in the 1870s was a co-founder of the Queensland National Bank. The Cleveland property remained in his ownership, apparently mainly tenanted, until his death in 1881. In 1882 title was transferred to William Finucane, who retained ownership for two-and-a-half decades.
Photographer William Boag travelled Queensland between 1870 and 1878 with his horse-drawn darkroom, undertaking commissions, photographing places across Queensland, and selling prints of "spec" photos. In November 1871 Boag travelled the southern shores of Moreton Bay. Amongst the photographs he took there is one showing a pair of Norfolk Island Pines - juvenile, but well above house height - standing where Shore Street begins to rise as it heads northwards to the Point. These are thought to be the two landmark Norfolk Island Pines on Bell's property. The same photograph shows several other denser trees surrounding the Norfolk Island Pines, which possibly includes the extant fig tree.
A 1906 photograph taken from near the front of Cassim's Cleveland Hotel, looking northwards towards Cleveland Point, shows the Norfolk Island Pines, one already split, towering over the surrounding tall vegetation. Subsequent photographs of the 1910s and later, confirm the pines' local landmark status. These later photographs also clearly show the mature surrounding trees. It seems reasonable to assume, given the maturity of both the pines and adjacent trees in 1906, that it is these trees which were photographed in 1871.
The whole of the Shore Street property subsequently passed to Catherine Byrne in 1906. In 1911 the house and garden on just over 3 roods [allotments 9 & 10 and subdivision 2 of allotment 8 (now BUP103110)] were transferred to the Bernays family, who occupied it until Mrs Bernays' death in 1949. An anonymous chronicler of Cleveland history whose memoirs are kept at the Redlands Library, wrote of how Mrs Bernays had every reason to be proud of her home and its beautiful garden, most of which had been planted by its previous owners. She always used to tell me that she would never allow the Norfolk Island Pines to be cut down as they were such a guide to boatmen as they came to Black's Jetty at night. She had often been thanked by the men after a wet night as the trees stood out against the background of the Brisbane light glare. [Black's Jetty extended into Moreton Bay from behind Cassim's Cleveland Hotel, to the south of Mrs Bernay's property.]
These landmark Norfolk Island Pines and their associated trees must be viewed in the context of the efforts by Francis Bigge, Balfour and others, during the 1840s and 1850s, to establish Cleveland as the leading port and export outlet for Darling Downs and Brisbane Valley produce. Already by 1906 the pines had grown to a landmark height, towering over the surrounding vegetation. It is not surprising that throughout the 20th century local mariners used the distinctive pair of trees as navigational guides.
","criteria":"The Norfolk pine trees are important because of their association with the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history, in particular the attempts of Brisbane Valley and Darling Downs squatters to establish Cleveland as a port and colonial capital to rival Brisbane.
|The Norfolk Island pine trees have a special significance for the seagoing community of Moreton Bay, as their prominent position has provided a navigational landmark for Moreton Bay sailors throughout the 20th century.
|The trees have a strong association with squatter Francis Edward Bigge, who was prominent in the serious, but failed, mid-19th century attempt to establish Cleveland as the principal port of Moreton Bay.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion E | Criterion H","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance | The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":24995,"place_ref":645606,"name":"Ormiston Fellmongery","alternate_name":"Fellmonger Park | 700006","street_address":"101-131 Sturgeon Street","suburb":"ORMISTON","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2009-09-18","description":"The site is situated in Fellmonger Park which consists of mown grassed areas, and an undulating land surface with several mounded areas with mulched tree plantings on top. The land drops to low lying flats towards Hilliards Creek which become flooded after heavy and prolonged rain. The park's vegetation includes eucalypts, cassia and other species in planted gardens and as isolated specimens. Melaleuca (ti-tree) occur along the creek banks and on the creek flats.
The obvious physical remains of the fellmongery are surrounded by low treated log fencing. There are two fenced areas. The first contains brick foundations 5.05m x 4.15m with an opening at either end. The foundations are two bricks high above the ground surface in an English Bond pattern. One of the bricks displays a frog with 'Campbells Redbank'. The foundation continues below the ground surface. A compacted layer, possibly a floor, occurs at approximately 50cm below the surface. The foundations are situated on the side of a mounded area about 15m from the creek.
The second fenced area is diagonally adjacent to the first. It is grassed on the surface with no obvious surface remains. A subsurface deposit of bricks and brick fragments approximately 5cm below the surface was revealed through test probing. The deposit appears to occur across the entire fenced area. This deposit occurs at the top of the mounded area.
The remainder of the top of the mounded area consists of leaf litter and mulch and tree species including eucalypts and cassia trees. The mulched area on the top of the mound is likely to conceal further archaeological remains.
A causeway across the creek which forms part of the modern bike/walking track is situated to the west of the brick foundations. The lower levels of the causeway consist of rough stone and rubble and appear of an early construction. The stone has been subsequently overlaid with concrete and bitumen.
","history":"A fellmongery was first established on the site in 1853, by Thomas Blacket Stephens, operating for around 10 years before ceasing operations. A second fellmongery was commenced on the site by Thomas Alford in 1894 which continued operations until the early 1920s. The land was subsequently used for farming before being resumed by the Redland Shire Council in the 1970s for use as parkland.
After the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement was closed in 1839 areas around Moreton Bay were progressively surveyed to be opened up to free settlement. The year 1840 saw the arrival of pastoralists in the Moreton Bay District and by 1844 there were 17 large squatting runs, and by 1849 some 290,000 sheep (BCC 2003).
Brisbane and its port thrived because of wool production and the processing of wool operated throughout Brisbane and its surrounds. The early method of sheepwashing in Queensland began to be replaced by woolscouring - the treatment and cleaning of wool after shearing - from the late 1840s and was almost completely replaced by the 1890s (Blake 1992:563)
The process of fellmongering appears in the early 1850s in the Moreton Bay region. A different process to wool scouring, fellmongering processed sheepskins in order to remove the wool in preparation for tanning. The wool was washed and dried, and the skins were processed into leather.
Woolscouring and fellmongering were sometimes located within the same operation, or tended to be clustered in close proximity, along with tanneries. Slaughteryards were also sometimes run in conjunction with fellmongeries. They tended to be located alongside a creek to enable a good supply of clean, fresh water - a key element in the processing of the skins and wool. A number of such operations occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries in Brisbane, including along Bulimba Creek in the vicinity of Carindale and Belmont, at Ekibin on Norman Creek, and Newmarket and Kelvin Grove on Enoggera Creek (BCC 2003; Murphy 1992).
Fellmongery operations commenced at Cleveland relatively early. In 1851 Cleveland was proclaimed as a township, including the area which was later to become known as Ormiston (Ryan 2005:5). The allotments along Hilliards Creek were surveyed in 1853 and Thomas Blacket Stephens established a fellmongery shortly afterwards, under the management of Mr Beattie, on sections 100 and 101, Parish of Cleveland (MBC 1853:2; QSA 1853). Stephens commenced business at the time when efforts were being made to establish Cleveland Point as the port for Moreton Bay, and he may well have set up his establishment on Hilliards Creek to service the wool trade expected to travel from Ipswich to Cleveland Point (Ryan 2005:7). Stephens moved his operations to his property 'Ekibin' near South Brisbane in the early 1860s, at about the time when attempts to establish a port at Cleveland ended (Ryan 2005:7). It is not known when the fellmongery at Cleveland ceased operations, and it may have continued until the late 1860s under the management of Andrew Holden, who originally worked at the fellmongery for Stephens (Ryan 2005:7). Stephens was a well known figure in the early colony becoming owner of the Moreton Bay Courier in 1861, and member for South Brisbane in 1863. Between 1867 and 1870 he was colonial treasurer, colonial secretary, postmaster-general, and secretary for public lands in the Lilley and Macalister ministries (Reid 1976:196-7).
It was some 30 years before the site was again proposed for use as a fellmongery. Thomas Alford obtained a permit from the Cleveland Divisional Board in July 1894 to erect a wool scouring and fellmongering works on allotment 4 of section 100, the site of Stephens' earlier fellmongery (QSA 1894a). Although situated on the site of Stephens' earlier fellmongery, just a small section of his original holdings were taken up by Alford.
Prior to establishing the fellmongery at Cleveland, Alford had been refused a fellmongery permit by the Bulimba Divisional Board due to its by-laws regarding 'noisome and offensive trades'. The Bulimba ratepayers were unhappy with this decision and convened a public meeting. They were concerned that Cleveland had welcomed Alford, given him dinner at the Brighton Hotel and granted him the permit, leading to the generation of £70 a week in wages that would be spent in Cleveland and not Bulimba. They demanded that the Bulimba Divisional Board revise their by-laws (BC 1894b).
Construction of Alford's establishment commenced in early August 1894 with a full range of fellmongering facilities being established (BC 1894a). The building material was brought in by rail and dray and stumps were obtained from the bush. Timber was obtained from Gilbert Burnett's sawmill located on the Fernbourne Estate at Wellington Point (see Whepstead 600776) (BC 1894a). The construction was expected to take six weeks to complete, and included the following:
- Wool shed, 40 x 18 feet, fronting the road, including eight wool bins, sorting tables and a wool press;
- Soaks;
- Sweathouse;
- Sorting sheds;
- Engine shed, including engine, pump and washing machine, supplied by Messrs A. Overend and Co.; and
- Drying shed, for use in wet weather when drying ground not usable (BC 1894a).
The fellmongery was supervised by Mr T. Sefton who was experienced in the industry in both England and the colonies (BC 1894a); although it appears Alford maintained an active role. Alford approached the Railway Commissioner in late 1894 to request construction of a siding at Ormiston Station. The Commissioner agreed subject to a range of conditions which Alford chose to decline. Finally deciding to construct the siding at Ormiston in 1895, Alford in the meantime had to cart all the skins and wool from Wellington Point Station and back again (BC 1895). Alford constructed a dam across Hilliards Creek in 1901 in order to improve the control of water, a vital resource for the fellmongery operation (Ryan 2005:7).
The fellmongery operation (which also included a wool scour and slaughteryard) operated until the early 1920s (Ryan 2005:7). The land was transferred to Jessie Ferguson by 1932, followed by George McLeod Ferguson in 1951 (DERM 1932, 1951). Allotment 4 was subdivided into Lots 1 and 2 in 1969, and the lots resumed by the Redland Shire Council for park and recreation purposes in 1970 and 1975 respectively (DERM 1969, 1970, 1975). The site appears not to have been used for any further industry or development, with Fellmonger Park now being at the location of the site.
References
Brisbane City Council
2003\tWool: Brisbane's Forgotten Industry. A Discovery Trail. Brisbane City Council, Brisbane.
Blake, T.
1992\tWoolscouring in Western Queensland. Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, vol 14 (13), pp.563-560.
Brisbane Courier
1894a\tFellmongery at Ormiston, 7 August 1894, p. 4.
1894b\tNoisome Trades By-Law, 8 September 1894, p. 3.
1895\tRailway Siding at Ormiston, 24 April 1895, p.6.
Department of Environment and Resource Management
1932\tSurvey Plan, M33.1969.
1951\tSurvey Plan, C.6.70.
1969\tSurvey Plan, RP123669.
1970\tCertificate of Title, Vol. 4502 Folio 88, Title Ref. 14502088.
1975\tCertificate of Title, Vol.5445 Folio 127, Title Ref. 15445127.
Moreton Bay Courier
1853\tDomestic Intelligence: Cleveland, 3 September 1853, p. 2.
Murphy, P.
1992\tThe Productive Years of a Creek of Gold. P.F. Murphy, St Lucia.
Queensland State Archives
1853\tLetter from J.C. Burnett to Survey Office, 17 March 1853, QSA Item ID9514, Letterbook.
1894\tCleveland Divisional Board Minutes, 2 July 1894, QSA Item ID869236, Minutes.
Reid, E.
1976\tStephens, Thomas Blacket (1819-1877), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 6, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
Ryan, T.
2005\tPlaces of the Redlands: Ormiston. Redland Shire Council Local History Publications, No. 8, Cleveland.
","criteria":"The remains of the Ormiston Fellmongery are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history as remnant evidence of the important secondary industry of wool processing. Physical evidence of wool scouring, fellmongering and tanning is today rare, despite the importance of the wool industry and the processing of wool to Queensland's history. The processing of wool was commonly undertaken in and around Brisbane in locations conveniently situated to fresh water sources and transport networks yet the remains of the Ormiston Fellmongery are the only known surviving elements in the region.
Archaeological evidence of a fellmongery which spanned two time periods at the one location (the 1850s to 1860s and then again between 1894 and the 1920s) provide rare and potentially important comparative information about fellmongery practice in Queensland, including change through time.
The extant structural remains and adjacent subsurface deposits are most likely related to the second phase of operations from 1894 to the 1920s and have the potential to reveal important information about the organisation and layout of a fellmongery operation from this period. The analysis of this archaeological evidence may also provide an insight into the broader trade networks of the region through the presence of materials from other parts of south-east Queensland and further afield.
Additional subsurface archaeological deposits and features may potentially occur across the site, including evidence of the earlier fellmongery operations between the 1850s and 1860s. This period of operations is associated with Thomas Blacket Stephens, an important identity in Queensland's history and former owner of the Moreton Bay Courier and later the second mayor of Brisbane. Stephens was well known for his radical politics and social and moral views that often ran in opposition to popular thinking at the time. Archaeological evidence of his early fellmongery operations may reveal important insights into how Stephens' non-populist views were expressed in the material cultural associated with his work and particularly his fellmongery practices.
The remains of an early causeway across Hilliards Creek are likely to be associated with operations at the fellmongery due to its close proximity and the requirement to access rail transport at Wellington Point on the north side of the creek prior to 1895. Archaeological investigation of the causeway has the potential to provide information on early road construction techniques and may provide more accurate dating of the age of its construction.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion C","criteria_definitions":"The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":null,"place_ref":650011,"name":"Willard's Farm (former)","alternate_name":"The Pines | Willard's Farm and Lot 2 on SP146445 | Willards Farm","street_address":"302 & 362-388 Old Cleveland Road East","suburb":"BIRKDALE","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2022-03-08","description":"Willard’s Farm (former) is a farm complex situated on Old Cleveland Road East, Birkdale, approximately 21km southeast of Brisbane central business district (CBD). It occupies a large site that slopes gently to the west from the road and includes a house yard and part of an adjacent paddock. The farm complex is located close to the road and comprises a residence with several associated outbuildings, structures and landscape features.
\nFeatures of Willard’s Farm (former) of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nResidence (c1860s-c1910)
\nThe residence consists of three timber structures connected by covered walkways and verandahs: a gable-roofed Main House facing the road to the east; a Hip-roofed Wing to the northwest; and a low-profile skillion-roofed Kitchen to the southwest.
\nMain House
\nThe Main House is located a short distance from the entrance gate which aligns with the front stairs. The house is a single storey building, rectangular in plan with open verandahs to the east (front) and north, and an enclosed verandah along the west (rear). The front verandah features a gabled pediment centred over the front door and timber steps; and there is a faceted bay window to the north verandah. Recycled materials are evident, including a (former) stair stringer incorporated as a verandah floor beam at the southern end.
\nThe earliest portion of the main house is supported on a grid of large log bearers half-notched over stumps and adzed square on top to carry pit-sawn floor joists and flooring. The extension to the south has square rough-hewn transverse bearers, supporting mill-sawn joists and flooring. The front and north verandah floor height appears to have been altered, joists replaced and floor boards overturned.
\nThe house core is rectangular in plan and comprises three front-facing rooms under the gable roof, and two rooms on the rear enclosed verandah separated by an enclosed porch. In the central front room, the front door aligns with the rear door and the northern wall has a large opening into the adjacent room. Doors at the north and south ends of the house connect the front rooms to the rear enclosed verandah rooms.
\nFeatures of the Main House also of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nHip-roofed Wing
\nThe Hip-roofed Wing is highset and aligned at right angles to the Main House and Kitchen. There are open verandahs on the north and west sides, and covered walkways to the south and east.
\nThe interior layout comprises two rooms of unequal size, with the western room larger than the eastern room. The eastern room has been converted for use as a bathroom, and there is evidence that the western room has been enlarged (c1941-46) (marks in the ceiling and floor linings, and change in the sub-floor frame details). Both rooms have coved ceilings.
\nThe sub-floor structure comprises early hand-sawn bearers and joists, supported by a combination of recent posts and stumps. Recent fabric partly-enclosing the understorey is not of cultural heritage significance.
\nFeatures of the Hip-roofed Wing also of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nKitchen
\nThe Kitchen is a highset, timber-framed, and skillion-roofed structure that is aligned approximately north-south (parallel to the Main House). It is connected to, but set lower than, the Main House and Hip-roofed Wing.
\nThe interior layout comprises a single room, with a pantry addition to the northwest corner, and a small porch with a stair in the northeast corner.
\nThe sub-floor structure comprises recent timber stumps supporting square adzed perimeter bearers and log floor joists adzed square top and bottom.
\nFeatures of the Kitchen also of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures of the Residence not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nMilking Shed (c1860s-1880s)
\nThe milking shed is a long (approximately 24m x 7m) slab timber, gable- and skillion-roofed structure situated to the south of the Residence and aligned approximately north-south. The main shed section has a gable roof, and a skillion roof runs along the western side where the floor level is at a lower (approximately 550mm lower) level. The south and north walls are open below a tie beam, with timber weatherboard wall cladding and centred doorways above. The north elevation features a half-height door and the wall under the skillion is clad with timber slabs and weatherboards.
\nThe interior layout reflects the functional requirements of the milking process. The milking bails, comprising 11 stalls, are located along the eastern wall and occupy approximately two-thirds of the main shed section. This section has a concrete slab floor that slopes down to the west toward a drain running along the length of the shed. Timber posts, some with two-rail balustrades between, align along the western edge of the concrete slab and support the junction of the gable and skillion roofs. A concrete ramp accesses the main shed section from the western skillion-roofed space. A room at the north end of the western skillion-roofed space has a concrete slab floor with an up-stand.
\nThe milking bails retain fabric from various phases of construction and use. The bails comprise an alignment of 11 timber log posts (offset from the eastern wall by approximately 550mm and set at 1600mm centres) supporting a square adzed top rail. The top rail has slots where vertical timber battens (two remaining) slide across (to keep the cow’s heads in place) and are secured / released by round timber pegs. Posts along the eastern wall (also spaced at approximately 1600mm centres) have two mortices, which indicate the location of previous stall division rails.
\nFeatures of the Milking Shed also of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures of the Milking Shed not of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nCream Shed (c1904)
\nThe Cream Shed is a lowset, gable-roofed, timber-framed structure to the northwest of the Milking Shed. Its north (front) elevation features an off-centre door (its small access stair has been removed, however a timber stump indicates its former location). To the east and west elevations are centred casement windows, and low-level ventilation openings.
\nInternally, the shed comprises a single room (approximately 3.5m x 2m). It has a flat ceiling and a concreted timber floor.
\nFeatures of the Cream Shed also of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures of the Cream Shed not of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nGarage / Shed (c1860s-1880s)
\nThe Garage / Shed is a long (approximately 11.5m x 4.5m) timber-framed, gable-roofed structure sited to the northwest of the Residence and aligned approximately north-south. Timber slabs cladding to the east and west walls, and a loft at the southern end of the structure (including its timber floor) have been removed.
\nThe interior layout comprises a single open-plan space, with timber framing exposed to the roof space. The shed is open to all sides (originally only to the north and south ends).
\nFeatures of the Garage / Shed of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures of the Garage / Shed not of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nWater Tank and Stand (by 1947)
\nLocated between the Residence and the Milking Shed, the water tank is set on a 5-6m high timber stand. The base of the stand is enclosed to form an outdoor shower.
\nFeatures of the Water Tank and Stand of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures of the Water Tank and Stand not of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nIn-ground Water Tank (by 1947)
\nSouth of the Residence (Kitchen) is a cylindrical In-ground Water Tank that is approximately 4m in diameter. Constructed of brick, with concrete render to the upper section and in patches to the lower section, it is deep with its walls extending approximately 500mm above the ground level.
\nFeatures of the In-ground Water Tank of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures of the In-ground Water Tank not of cultural heritage significance are:
\nGrounds and Setting
\nThe established grounds, comprising lawn areas and mature plantings, provide an understanding of the place’s landscaped, rural setting. Early perimeter fences and gates define the front (Old Cleveland Road East) boundary, and other built features within the site contribute to the interpretation of its historical functions as part of a working dairy farm.The buildings and mature vegetation are largely concentrated on the eastern side of the site, while the western and northern sides generally comprise open areas of lawn with scattered mature trees and adjacent areas of former cultivation, pasture and delineation of paddocks.
\nFeatures of the Grounds and Views of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures of the Grounds and Views not of cultural heritage significance are:
\nFormer Wells and Windmill Remnants (by 1947)
\nHistorical documents indicate two wells and a mill were extant in the vicinity of Tingalpa Creek by 1947, with water pumped to the elevated metal storage tank near the residence. The likely Former Wells and Windmill Remnants are located approximately 200m west of the Residence, on a level site above the steep eastern banks of Tingalpa Creek. The remnants comprise timber posts arranged around a depression in the ground, and various metal components visible on and in the ground.
\nFeatures of the Former Wells and Windmill Remnants of cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures of the Former Wells and Windmill Remnants not of cultural heritage significance are:
\nWillard’s Farm (former) is a farm complex comprising a timber-framed, timber-clad farmhouse. Located in the now-suburban, but formerly agricultural, area of Birkdale within the boundary of Redland City Council, the former farm was built in phases from the c1860s, as shown by its construction materials and methods, as well as associated farm elements (slab milking shed, former cream shed, storage shed (garage/shed) and water supply infrastructure), which also demonstrate early construction materials and methods. It occupies a large site that slopes gently to the west from the road and includes the house yard and part of an adjacent paddock. It has mature trees and plantings, and original fencing. It is rare early evidence of government-promoted agricultural settlement in Queensland.
\nPrior to European settlement, the Birkdale area was part of the traditional land of the Quandamooka People.[1] One of the first places in the Moreton Bay district where country land was sold soon after Separation was the locality of Capalaba. Situated about 14 miles (22.5 km) southeast of Brisbane, but close to Cleveland, the once-favoured port for the colony, it included fertile agricultural land.[2] A mail service from Brisbane to Cleveland commenced in 1861 and the town of Tingalpa was surveyed on the Brisbane side of Tingalpa Creek in 1863.[3]
\nJames Willard, the original owner of the property, arrived at Moreton Bay from Plymouth on the ship Ascendant in June 1858, aged 22 years, with his younger brother, Stephen, aged 18 years. Both were labourers from Sussex. They had followed their brother, Edward, who arrived in Brisbane in August 1857, aged 19, on the Mary Pleasants. All were assisted immigrants, sought by employers to fulfil the shortage of labourers in the future Colony of Queensland. According to family history, James worked at Kedron Brook splitting timber and fencing; and took various jobs in bushwork before purchasing land.[4]
\nOn 19 May 1860 James Willard married Margaret Jones at St John’s pro-cathedral in Brisbane. Margaret, a domestic servant, from Kilteagan in County Wicklow, Ireland, had arrived from Ireland on the British Empire in February 1859, aged 20 years. Her occupation was also sought after in the region and the focus of immigration initiatives. Their marriage resulted in 11 children between 1861 and 1881.[5]
\nWhen Queensland became a self-governing colony in 1859, it had a population of about 25,000 people, no financial support and no money in its treasury. The government needed to generate income, so did this through the leasing and sale of land. Among the first actions of the inaugural Queensland Parliament when it met in May 1860 was the creation of four land acts to regulate the leasing and purchase of Crown land. The Alienation of Crown Lands Acts 1860 governed the sale of Crown lands, establishing the means of selling town, suburban and country land, and land in agricultural reserves.[6] It also allowed for European settlers to legally dispossess Traditional Owner groups from their ancestral land.[7]
\nEntrenched in this government legislation was the policy of promoting closer settlement of the land by suitable migrants, creating a class of yeoman farmers (farmers who owned and operated small farms), first in the Moreton Bay district and later throughout Queensland. This concept had been championed by Dr John Dunmore Lang in the 1840s and practised by David McConnel when he subdivided and sold land from his Bulimba estate to his farm workers in the 1850s. As an agricultural labourer, James Willard was an immigrant who fitted the desired profile of this yeoman ideal and was one of the many men who came to the colony for this purpose.[8]
\nThe land on which Willard’s Farm is sited was purchased by James Willard and Mark Blundell of Brisbane, as tenants-in-common on 17 August 1863, after it failed to sell at auction. This land, Portion 46, comprised 45 acres (18.2 ha) bounded by Tingalpa Creek on the west and by the Cleveland road on the east. The Deed of Grant (Land Purchase Certificate) was dated 31 December 1863.[9] Evidence suggests that James Willard was living in the Capalaba area in the 1860s, after the land purchase. Family history reports that Willard built a hut near the creek and lived there until he built a house using timber removed from the block.[10]
\nWhen Europeans first arrived in the Redlands district in the mid-1800s there were approximately 5000 Aboriginal people living there. The Quandamooka people camped and fished along Tingalpa Creek. It is unknown when the Quandamooka people were dispossessed from Willard’s Farm, however, oral history accounts note that ‘each night the South Sea Islanders would sing in their slab and shingle-roofed shed in the small paddock behind the house, and the large Aboriginal population who lived in the dense surrounding bushland were quite mesmerised by the nightly concerts, and the property was surrounded by their glowing campfires’.[11]
\nIn the second half of 1865 he and his brother Edward applied for timber licences which were granted for hardwood removal in January 1866. Local history states that the Willard’s bullock wagons took timber from Capalaba to the sawmill at Cleveland Point; which was operating from c1860s.[12] In August 1866 transfer of the whole of Portion 46 to James Willard was recorded, and the following month Willard mortgaged the land to the Queensland Building Society for £50.[13]
\nWillard’s house was constructed in stages and some of the techniques employed are a variant of conventional vernacular methods. Willard is likely to have built some of his growing family’s new house himself, with assistance from his neighbour, Daveson, possibly as early as the late 1860s.[14] Willard had bush carpentry skills, materials readily available through his timber licence and on his property, and a steam sawmill operating at nearby Cleveland.
\nElevated on stumps, the first stage of the house appears to have comprised two rooms with an enclosed back verandah and a detached kitchen at the rear and possibly a front verandah. This early core of the house is supported on a grid of large log bearers, half-notched over large timber stumps and adzed square on top, with pit sawn floor joists and flooring. The perimeter bearers also function as wall plates upon which the wall cladding sat within a frame of large adzed squared posts.[15]
\nSimple two-room cottages such as this were a very common house form throughout Australia in the second half of the 19th century. One room was made slightly larger than the other, with a centred front door opening into it, and was used as a living room. The other was the bedroom. Verandahs were located across the front, and sometimes across the back or around the house. Kitchen and washing areas were housed in separate detached structures at the rear and sometimes linked to the rear verandah by a covered walkway.[16]
\nThe milking shed and garage/shed were also constructed using materials and techniques consistent with vernacular construction techniques and Willard’s bush carpentry skills. Both of these early outbuildings were constructed of timber slab, with adzed top and bottom plates. Tie beams and structural posts combined substantial square-adzed and rough-hewn timbers, and the longevity of these structures reflects their solid construction. Later modifications such as weatherboard cladding to gable ends, milled-timber roofs with corrugated metal cladding and various phases of cow bails in the milking shed, facilitated the continued use of these structures as part of the farm complex.
\nBy the late 1880s Willard’s farm was a successful operation, which was praised in a contemporary source. A biography of James Willard in The Aldine History of Queensland states he:
\n‘purchased some land at Capalaba, on which he afterwards settled his wife and family. Here he devoted his energies, especially to the improvement of his land, cultivating farm produce to some extent, although dairy farming formed the chief element in his progress. Being very successful, and becoming more and more practically experienced with the capabilities of the land he had acquired, Mr Willard was soon in a position to increase his property.’[17]
\nThis had occurred in 1871 when Willard selected nearby agricultural land (Portion 41) to the north of his original land purchase, (fronting the Cleveland road).[18] He then purchased the adjacent subdivisions: Subdivision 2 of Portion 42, 18 acres (7.28 ha) in June 1873 and Subdivision 1 of Portion 42, 96 acres (38.85 ha) in July 1876.[19] These were located between his first two holdings, Portion 46 and Portion 41.[20]
\nDevelopment of the Capalaba-Cleveland area during the 1870s and 1880s was steady. In 1872 tenders were called to construct a bridge over Tingalpa Creek (upstream from Willard’s property), replacing the ford.[21] In 1876 Cleveland was described as a small watering place on the shores of Moreton Bay, 21 miles (34 km) from Brisbane, with a population of 250 people.[22] In 1879 divisional boards were established as a means of local government throughout Queensland, with the Tingalpa Divisional Board administering the area in which Willard’s Farm was established.[23] A branch railway line to Cleveland opened in 1889, providing access to Brisbane markets for farmers in the district. During the 1870s and 1880s, James Willard was active in the Capalaba-Tingalpa community. In 1871 he became a member of the Road Trust for the Cleveland Road, which was a local community organisation responsible for organising its upkeep. In 1879 he subscribed to the Capalaba School building fund in an effort to establish a school in the area, which occurred in July 1880; and in 1881 he was Chairman of the Capalaba Primary School Committee. In 1880 he nominated for election to the Tingalpa Divisional Board and served as a Board member in 1880 and 1881. In 1888 Willard was the successful tenderer for the forming and gravelling of 12 chains (0.24km) of the main Wellington Point Road and for erecting a guard fence for the Cleveland Divisional Board.[24]
\nIn 1881, James Willard gained title to his selection, Portion 41. At this time he had made the following improvements to his land including on Portion 46: erection of a slab house with a shingle roof (it is unclear if this is referring to the earlier slab house or the current house), clearing of 20 acres of undergrowth, excavation of a waterhole, and fencing of the whole with a two-rail fence of split posts and rails. The associated Lands Department paperwork showed that James Willard had fulfilled the requirement of continuous residence during the ten year duration of the lease from February 1871, by residing on Portion 46.[25] Further evidence suggesting the site of the house in its current position on Portion 46 is a map of the district locating the homes of potential students at the proposed Capalaba Primary School, dating from April 1879.[26]
\nWillard increased his land holdings during the 1880s, selecting 418 acres of grazing land to the south of his property, near Coolnwynpin Creek at Capalaba, in July 1881 and his eldest son, William, selected 160 acres nearby.[27]
\nThe description of the farm in The Aldine History of Queensland goes on to state,
\n…his property…gives evidence of the skilful management bestowed upon it…certainly his farm more closely resembles those in the old country than any around it for many miles. As a proof of the great results to be achieved by patient and steady industry, Mr Willard’s prosperity affords a striking instance. He...can now fairly estimate the value of his properties at over £10,000.[28]
\nIn the early 20th century, Willard’s farm included maize and sweet potato crops and a dairy herd.[29] From 1899 Willard took a leading role in the Cleveland Division when inoculation of cattle against tick fever was introduced, by serving on the Capalaba district committee and being one of the largest cattle owners who submitted stock for the demonstration of inoculation. Subsequently, Willard operated a cattle dip on his land adjacent to Old Cleveland Road (East) from 1904. A local resident recalled that ‘everybody brought their cattle to be dipped for ticks. It was always known as Willard’s dip’.[30] By 1958 dip had been filled in and by 2002 the associated structures had been removed.[31]
\nLater additions were made to the house c1910 and consisted of the construction of a rear wing, connected to the house by a covered walkway. Initially this provided two extra rooms and also connected to the original detached kitchen.[32]
\nA panoramic photograph of the property taken c1910 from the northeast, illustrates: the main wing of the house enlarged to its current form with bay window opening onto its northern verandah; the two room wing at the rear connected to the house by a covered walkway. It also reveals the absence of northern stair and northwest verandah. Most of the detailing visible in this photograph survives except for the roof shingles, front stair porch with double staircase and eastern verandah balustrade, replaced with a bench seat. Other photographs taken c1920 show the house, outbuildings and garden, including the front fence and entry gate posts.[33]
\nThe milking shed shows evidence of evolving dairying practices. The overall form of the building has remained relatively consistent since at least the early 20th century, when images show the gable-roofed timber slab structure painted white.[34] However, changes in milking practices (from hand milking to mechanisation) are reflected in the fabric and layout of the milking shed. Timber notches in posts along the eastern slab wall indicate the locations of rails for the stall divisions. The stalls were offset from the timber slab wall to accommodate feed boxes. Cows were secured / released from the hitching uprights by means of a movable timber batten that was held in place by a timber peg.[35]
\nThe concrete floor slab, which occupies the length of the main gable-roofed milking area, is possibly related to a later milking arrangement, as the concrete is formed to finish at the timber bottom plate and is clear of the feed box area. The concrete floor slab provided an impervious surface, with a drain running the length of the shed enabling washing of the milking area. Other modifications relate to the introduction of a mechanised milking system. Metal pipes run above the bails for the length of the shed. Remnant machinery remains mounted on a timber platform in the rafters at the northern end of the milking area, and a room in the northwest corner of the building - set lower than the milking area - has a concrete slab and upstand mount.[36]
\nThe addition of the gable-roofed cream shed to the complex in the early 20th century also reflects the upgrade of farm infrastructure to adapt to evolving farming practice. In 1904, the Dairy Produce Act was introduced, which regulated premises where dairy produce was manufactured and prepared.[37] In accordance with this legislation, the cream shed was constructed away from the milking shed and had a washable concrete floor. The timber-framed building was lowset on timber posts, with the concrete floor elevated on timber tongue-and-groove boards supported by rough-hewn log joists and adzed bearers. The shed had wide eaves and ventilation openings on the east and west sides to keep the cream cool. A skillion extension and decorative metal hood over the door were added later.[38]
\nThe garage/shed, originally of timber slab construction, located at the end of the unsealed driveway, also retains evidence of previous modifications and uses. The gable-roofed structure is visible in early 20th century images of the farm. In one image from c1920s, a horse and cart are standing on the unformed driveway at the northern end of the shed. The shed has an open layout and open ends to the north and south. A loft located at the southern end is constructed of logs and is lit by a six-light casement window in the gable end wall, which appears to have replaced a painted door evident in photos from the early 20th century.[39] A doorway and window on the east wall, both of later construction, are modifications which demonstrate how these functional structures were adapted to facilitate their ongoing use.
\nJames Willard died on 2 October 1914 and his property was transferred to his wife, Margaret. With her death on 15 June 1916, the property was transferred to the Willards’ eldest son, William, and their unmarried daughter, Margaret, as tenants-in-common.[40] The Queenslander in 1916 described the property:
\nfor years travellers to Cleveland during the coaching days – and more recently in increasing numbers since the advent, of the motor car – after journeying the great part of the distance through the seemingly endless bush on either side, came suddenly upon the picturesque Willard homestead, with its delightful bit of old-world-looking garden, its weather-worn outbuildings, its landmark of tall sentinel-like Norfolk pines, and, more striking still, the broad, spacious, well-grassed paddocks of some hundreds of acres, gently sloping toward Capalaba [sic] Creek, winding its course below, a welcome change of scene on this forest-shrouded road over hill and dale.[41]
\nAfter William’s death in 1923, his estate was transferred to his brother, James Willard, Jnr.[42] In early 1924, Willard’s Farm was offered for lease and its furniture and stock were offered at auction on 8 February 1924. At this time there were approximately 30 cows on the farm. From 1927 to 1937 Margaret and James Willard leased Willard’s Farm to several share farmers. The Toms family resided there during the 1930s and a newspaper report in 1933 reported the family had bought the property, but there is no title evidence for this. The name, ‘The Pines’, was adopted for Willard’s Farm by the Toms family.[43]
\nIn November 1938 Willard’s Farm (Portions 46, 42 and 41) was transferred to Herbert Clive Daniel. He is attributed with replacing the shingle roof with metal sheeting. In April 1940, all of his dairy herd, pigs and farm machinery were sold as part of a ‘genuine dispersal sale’. Daniel subsequently sold the property to Rosemary Innes Cotton in June 1941.[44]
\nWorld War II (WWII) brought dramatic change to Willard’s Farm. Most of its land, primarily on Portion 42, was requisitioned by the United States of America (US) Army during the war for the establishment of a vital radio receiving station. Constructed in early 1943 by the US Signal Corps, it became an integral part of the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) Campaign General Headquarters’ communications network, under the direction of US Supreme Commander, General Douglas MacArthur. As part of the then technologically advanced global Army Command and Administration Network (ACAN), the US Army Radio Receiving Station was one of the main centres for radio communications during the South West Pacific campaign. The station worked in conjunction with the Hemmant Transmitting Station, located 9km northwest. At war’s end, the Commonwealth’s Post Master General’s Department (PMG) took over the station. It continued to be used as a radio receiving and frequency testing facility until its closure in 2017. The Cotton family remained on the farm through the war but their farming lands were considerably reduced due to the possible interference of the radio signals as well as high-level security on the radio receiving site.[45]
\nAfter the war, the Commonwealth Government’s Postmaster General’s department acquired the approximately 159 acres (64 ha) of the former communications centre, being most of Portions 46 and 41, and subdivisions 1 and 2 of Portion 42.[46] Following negotiations between the Cottons and the Commonwealth Government, an agreement was reached which would see the Cottons compensated £4000 for the compulsory acquisition of Portions 41, 42 and most of 46 in 1951. Within Portion 46, the Cottons would retain 4 acres, 3 roods and 16 perches on which the farmhouse and auxiliary structures were located. A lease agreement for the rental of the farm land that had been acquired by the government was given to the Cottons for £170 per annum, specifically for the grazing of the dairy herd and not for other agricultural purposes, which might disrupt the radio signals at the communications centre.[47]
\nAt this time, the farm layout was indicated in a survey of the adjacent radio receiving complex.[48] The survey noted that three paddocks to the southwest had been cultivated. A narrow paddock that aligned east-west connected to the northwest corner of the farm, where water troughs and a shed were located. While these built elements are no longer extant, two substantial timber fence posts (one recently fallen) and a low stone wall remain in-place in the vicinity of where the paddock connected to the yard and indicate the former layout of the farm complex. Water infrastructure documented in the 1951 survey included the elevated tank, which operated as part of a gravity-fed system across the larger farm. Water was pumped to the elevated tank from wells closer to the creek. Likely remnants of the wells and windmill remain approximately 200m west of the farm house, close to Tingalpa Creek, as detailed in the 1947 valuation, ‘two wells have been sunk in the vicinity of the creek and water is engine pumped from them by a windmill to an elevated G.I storage tank near Residence’. The concrete (brick and concrete rendered) in-ground water tank located adjacent to the kitchen, which, at this time, provided a reserve supply of water, was described as having ‘a diameter of 13 feet [3.96m] and a depth of approximately 18 feet [5.4m]‘.[49]
\nThe Cotton family sold the remaining property in 1980. The property was described as follows: ‘The house…is divided into two sections. There are three bedrooms, a lounge and bathroom in the front section. An open verandah connects the back section where the kitchen has been built in true pioneer style. There is also a large dining room…. “The Pines” is set on two hectares of land. There is an old dairy and stables made from slab timber. They are still solid buildings and make useful storage areas’.[50] Another article stated that outbuildings included ‘a two-bedroom cottage, a maid’s cottage, a coach and harness shed and stables’.[51]
\nFrom 1957, part of the northern part of the original farm was leased as grazing land to Mrs Winifred Jean Porter, who ran a small dairy. By the early 1970s she had been residing in a caravan beside the former cattle dip site. In 1971 Mrs Porter purchased a small WWII Allied Works Council (AWC) ‘CA’ type building which had previously been located on Portion 41, and had it relocated to where she was residing along Old Cleveland Road East. This structure was part of the Department of Civil Aviation’s brick receiving station, established in 1959 to the north of the US Army Radio Receiving Station (former), and the small building was referred to as a ‘temporary equipment building’, it’s dimensions being 19ft x 15ft. Its original location is unknown, however, the hut was not located on the US Army’s receiving station during WWII.[52] This hut became Mrs Porter and her daughter, Ann’s, home, who continued to graze their herds of cattle and goats. On her passing in 2019, Ann was affectionately known in the local area as the goat lady.[53]
\nWillard’s Farm was sold again in 1985. At this time a detailed description of the farmhouse and its associated farm elements was recorded by The National Trust of Queensland. The following description is a summary.
\nThe cladding in parts is 10 inch wide weatherboard. The early origins of the building are evidenced by such things as adzed stumps, pit-sawn timbers on log bearers. Other site features include a well, a water tank on high stumps and 4 sheds… Of these items the cow bails appears to be the oldest structure with evidence of a shingled roof and adzed vertical slabs to the walls. The garden is replete with ancient mango trees and Norfolk Pines. It is probably the oldest residence in the district.[54]
\nThe land was subdivided in 2004 and the southern section (Lot 1 SP146445), without farm buildings, sold. The remaining property was purchased in March 2015 and retained the early farmhouse set in a large garden with mature trees, the slab milking shed with remnant cow bails, the former cream shed, garage/shed, an elevated stand with water tank, front fence with pedestrian and vehicle gates, and the remnant stone wall and gate posts within the property.
\nIn 2016, following community efforts to save the farm buildings from possible demolition, the Redland City Council bought the property and included Willard’s Farm (Lot 2 RP211270) in the Redland City Plan ‘Heritage Overlay’. In 2019 Lot 2 SP146445, which was in Commonwealth Government ownership was also sold to the Redland City Council.[55] In 2021 it remains in the ownership of Redland City Council.
","criteria":"Willard’s Farm (former) (established 1863), comprising a Residence (c1860s-c1910), outbuildings (c1860s-c1904) and farm and water supply infrastructure, is an early dairy farm complex in Queensland. It is important surviving evidence of the policy of successive Queensland Governments from 1860 until the mid-20th century, of raising revenue and enabling closer settlement through the lease and sale of land for agricultural purposes, a key catalyst in the development of Queensland.
\nThe Milking Shed (c1860s-1880s) and Cream Shed (c1904) are important in illustrating the evolution of Queensland’s dairy industry, as new technologies were adopted and government legislation to regulate product safety in the industry were implemented.
\n|
Analysis of fabric at Willard’s Farm (former) has the potential to contribute to information about the development of Queensland timber building construction techniques in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in particular the transition from construction techniques using slab, rough-hewn, adzed and hand-sawn timber (Milking Shed, Garage / Shed, and part of the Residence), to milled timber construction (Cream Shed, and part of the Residence).
\n|
Willard’s Farm (former), an early farm complex developed from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century in Queensland, has a high degree of integrity and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type. These include: its location in a historical agricultural region; use of locally-sourced timber for construction, crafted using early carpentry techniques (slabs, rough-hewing, adzing and hand-sawing); a farmhouse (Residence); outbuildings for agricultural use (Milking Shed, Cream Shed, and Garage / Shed); water infrastructure (Water Tank and Stand, In-ground Water Tank, and former Wells and Windmill Remnants); the fenced separation of residential and agricultural functions (fence remnants); and mature trees and gardens in close proximity to the house. An understanding of the functional relationships between the farmhouse and outbuildings is facilitated by their surrounding open setting.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion C | Criterion D","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":null,"place_ref":650249,"name":"US Army Radio Receiving Station (former)","alternate_name":"Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) Facility | Capalaba Receiving Station","street_address":"362-388 Old Cleveland Road East","suburb":"BIRKDALE","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2020-06-26","description":"The US Army Radio Receiving Station (Former) comprises two small buildings standing in a clearing and a radio aerial array in a large, lightly-forested area in Birkdale, 18.5km east of Brisbane CBD. Accessed via Old Cleveland Road East, the main thoroughfare of the suburb, the buildings are reached via an access road through the forest. The clearing is rectangular, approximately 4250m2, and the buildings stand in its centre. The radio aerial array stands approximately 120m to the northeast within the forest.
\nFeatures of the US Army Radio Receiving Station (Former) of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nReceiving Station Building
\nThe Receiving Station Building is a one-storey, low-set face brick building with a gable roof. It is long and narrow and its long sides face northwest and southeast. On all sides are a series of openings for windows and doors with a large loading door in the northeast wall. A low-height sub-floor space with a dirt floor is accessed from the southwest end of the building.
\nThe building includes a variety of techniques to passively boost natural ventilation of the large Equipment Room, which accommodated banks of large, heat-producing machines. While all original equipment has been removed, the original layout is intact and the original functions remain legible.
\nFeatures of the Receiving Station Building of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nFeatures of the Receiving Station Building not of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nGenerator Shed
\nThe Generator Shed is a small, square, one-storey concrete slab-on-ground outbuilding with a skillion roof. It stands to the northeast of the Receiving Station Building and the service yard. It has large double doors facing the service yard on its south-western side and accommodates a single room formerly for a generator, which has been removed. On its southeast side are concrete pad supports that originally held a metal fuel drum to power the generator.
\nFeatures of the Generator Shed of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nFeatures of the Generator Shed not of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nClearing
\nThe Receiving Station Building and the Generator Shed stand in a gently sloping clearing in the forest. The Access Road terminates at a service yard between the two buildings. The remainder of the Clearing is open and grassed.
\nFeatures of the Clearing of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nFeatures of the Clearing not of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nRhombic Radio Aerial Array
\nThe Rhombic Radio Aerial Array stands to the northeast of the clearing, within the forest. It comprises four tall metal masts in a stretched (kite-shaped) rhombus formation. The array is large, encompassing an area of approximately 9000m2 (approx. 220m from top to bottom masts and 80m from side to side masts) and it is oriented with its acute points approximately northwest and southeast (top and bottom masts). Originally in the large cleared field across the whole site, the array is now surrounded by a young regrowth forest.
\nThe masts are circular hollow section steel posts that diminish in circumference as they rise and include a ladder of steel foot pegs. They stand on concrete footings and are stayed by wire cables with concrete footings. A wire cable runs around three sides of the perimeter of the rhombus, connecting the tops of the masts (the wire on the fourth side is not extant).
\nA cleared, straight path leads from the centre of the array through the forest to the clearing. Along it runs a line of short metal posts with concrete footings supporting a cable at their top.
\nFeatures of the Rhombic Radio Aerial Array of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nFeatures of the Rhombic Radio Aerial Array not of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nAccess Road
\nThe long Access Road runs from Old Cleveland Road East through the light forest to the Radio Receiving Station clearing. It is the only road access.
\nFeatures of the Access Road of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nFeatures of the Access Road not of state-level cultural heritage significance are:
\nThe US Army Radio Receiving Station (Former), comprising two small buildings and the location of a rhombic radio aerial array in a large, lightly-forested property is located in the suburb of Birkdale, approximately 18.5km southeast of Brisbane CBD. Originally farmland, the site was requisitioned by the United States of America (US) Army during World War II (WWII) for the establishment of a vital radio receiving station. Constructed in early 1943 by the US Signal Corps (Signal Corps), it became an integral part of the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) Campaign General Headquarters’ communications network, under the direction of US Supreme Commander, General Douglas MacArthur. As part of the then technologically advanced global Army Command and Administration Network (ACAN), the US Army Radio Receiving Station was one of the main centres for radio communications during the South West Pacific campaign. The station worked in conjunction with the Hemmant Transmitting Station, located 9km northwest. At war’s end, the Commonwealth’s Post Master General’s Department (PMG) took over the station. It continued to be used as a radio receiving and frequency testing facility until its closure in 2017.
\nBirkdale, originally part of Capalaba, is part of the traditional land of the Quandamooka People.[1] One of the first places in the Moreton Bay district where country land was sold after Separation was the locality of Capalaba. Although situated several miles southeast of Brisbane, it was close to Cleveland, the once-favoured port for the colony. Due to its fertile agricultural land, it was swiftly settled. A mail service from Brisbane to Cleveland commenced in 1861 and the town of Tingalpa was surveyed on the Brisbane side of Tingalpa Creek in 1863. The land on which the receiving station was eventually established was part of James Willard’s 1860s selection. This land was bounded by Tingalpa Creek on the west and by the Cleveland road on the east. Over the years, the property had several owners including Rosemary and Doug Cotton, who purchased the property in 1941.[2]
\nAlthough WWII started in September 1939, Australia was under little threat of air attack until late 1941. On 8 December 1941, the United States of America entered the war, following the previous day’s bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbour by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. Simultaneously, Japanese forces launched assaults on Thailand, the Philippines and the British colony of Malaya. The sudden fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 and the rapid Japanese advance through the islands of the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) raised fears of air attacks on Australia. The first Japanese air raid on Darwin occurred on 19 February 1942; Broome, in Western Australia, was attacked on 3 March 1942. Japanese air raids on other targets in Australia seemed likely, and an invasion of Australia was feared.[3]
\nAfter the first US forces arrived in Brisbane in the Pensacola Convoy on 22 December 1941, the city became a major supply base and staging point for the war in the South West Pacific. In January 1942, Brisbane became Base Section 3 of the US Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA). After General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander, SWPA, arrived in Brisbane in July 1942, the city also hosted his General Headquarters in the AMP building at the corner of Queen and Edward streets [QHR 600147]. General Sir Thomas Blamey, Commander Allied Land Forces, had his Advanced Land Headquarters at the University of Queensland, St Lucia [QHR 601025]. Queensland played a major role in the build-up of troops and supplies for the joint US-Australian counter-offensive in New Guinea, which occurred after the Japanese advance was checked at Milne Bay and on the Kokoda track (August-September 1942).[4]
\nPrior to the United States’ entry in the war, the Signal Corps had been developing a technologically advanced global signal beltline to enable secure communications to be sent to bases throughout the world quickly and reliably.[5] The Army Command and Administrative Network, ACAN, was developed in Washington DC by the Signal Corps Army Communications Service. Previously, the main means of signal communication was by Morse code, which was slow and labour intensive.[6] ACAN used high-speed radio signal transmission over multiple channels, which could send and receive large volumes of military messages to stations established throughout the world.[7] At the centre of ACAN was the Message Centre in Washington, station WAR. With the US entry in the war, work on the global network of stations was swiftly undertaken by the Signal Corps. By mid-1943 major ACAN stations had been established in San Francisco, London, Algiers, Accra, Cairo, Asmara, New Delhi, Hawaii, and Brisbane.[8] Linked to this network were smaller stations radiating radio or wire communications to every outlying command post. Major ACAN stations could make contact with remote areas of the conflict quickly, securely and reliably.[9] At the time, ACAN was hailed ‘the greatest unified military communications system ever developed’, and only the US Army had it.[10]
\nCentral to ACAN was the use of semi-automatic radioteletype machines. These machines revolutionised signal communications. By using high-powered, single-sideband transmitters (another innovation), messages could be sent and received between ACAN stations. The message was typed on a keyboard that produced a print out of the message while a tape was perforated with the cryptic message, fed into an enciphering machine and on to the radio transmitter. The message was then sent via powerful radio waves to the receiving point, where a second teletype machine automatically enciphered the message onto perforated tape. The last step of the process automatically printed the message on a sheet of paper. The system was capable of sending one message to multiple ACAN stations, as well as being able to send multiple messages out simultaneously on the one channel. It was fast, reliable and most importantly, secure. This technology also enabled teletypewriter conferences between major command centres. With the use of a projection screen, the typed incoming message could be displayed to a group within a room, who could then respond immediately. In 1944, a round-the-world message was recorded as taking only 3.5 minutes.[11]
\nThe ACAN network established major stations on an equatorial beltline, which included the United States, Australia, China, India, Africa, and the Middle East. This was deemed preferable to stations closer to the poles, where magnetic interference weakened radio waves. Following the loss of the Philippines’ Manila ACAN station (WTA) in early 1942, Australia’s first ACAN station was installed in Melbourne, where General Headquarters, South West Pacific was initially established. By June 1942, plans for the relocation of the ACAN station from Melbourne (Base Section 4) to Brisbane (Base Section 3), and the establishment of the Capalaba receiving station were underway.[12] Soon after, the Brisbane station, WVJJ (later WTO) replaced Melbourne’s station, WTJJ.[13]
\nBase Section 3 headquarters was swiftly established at Somerville House [QHR 600305], a requisitioned private girls’ school in South Brisbane. A central ACAN station was installed to ultimately link all communication signal lines in Brisbane, including secret military intelligence, to General MacArthur’s headquarters in the city. Once all the Brisbane ACAN stations were complete, MacArthur had direct, swift and secure communication with Washington DC and other major international ACAN stations.[14]
\nConducive to clearer reception, ACAN stations were generally built on swampy ground that provided an earth mat for antennas. Ideally, the stations were constructed well away from built-up areas to limit signal interference.[15] In the Brisbane area, several sites were requisitioned by the US Army for the ACAN network. Land at Capalaba (now Birkdale), Redland Bay, Hemmant and Rocklea was chosen. The majority of land on what was known as Willard’s farm, at Capalaba, was requisitioned by the US Army in 1942 for the establishment of the Capalaba receiving station. The site was relatively isolated and swampy, with Tingalpa Creek as the western boundary.
\nBy mid-1943 the Australian network had been completed, with the major receiving station at Capalaba, the major transmitting station at Hemmant, another transmitting station established at the Redland Bay Golf Club (the first transmitting station before the station at Hemmant was built), and another receiving and transmitting station on Oxley Creek at Rocklea.[16] Brisbane became the ‘nerve centre of the Southwest Pacific ACAN system’.[17]
\nThe brick receiving station building and generator shed at Capalaba had been completed in early 1943 with the radio equipment fully installed and operated by the US Signal Corps’ 832d Signal Service Company.[18] Some of the station’s equipment, including the aerial poles, was manufactured in Australian factories.[19] The Allied Works Council were responsible for the construction of the brick building, the generator shed, the access road and the water supply.[20]
\nThe austere brick building was designed with reinforced brick walls and concrete lintels that could withstand a bomb blast. Internally, the building was divided into two sections by a brick firewall with metal door, in anticipation of an attack. The equipment room with wide entrance door was situated at the eastern end of the building. The western part of the building held the kitchen, lavatory, bedroom and office and a further communications equipment room. Cables ran underneath the building, and in the eastern Equipment Room they ran within cable cavities in the concrete slab, accessed by a series of trapdoors. The small generator shed located to the east of the receiver station building held a Cummins diesel generator to be used if the main power supply was lost. The entrance to the facility was via a long access road from Old Cleveland Road (Old Cleveland Road East in 2020) where a guardhouse and gate was situated (no longer extant). The 630m-long access road ensured the facility was isolated and could only be accessed by authorised personnel.[21]
\nEssential to the ACAN network were the powerful antennas used to transmit and receive communications. The Signal Corps used Rhombic aerials, the most effective at the time, which could send and receive radio waves over very large distances. These aerials consisted of four high poles, up to 100ft (30m) tall, positioned far apart in open land and connected by wires to form a diamond shape. Each one was angled toward an overseas station, for example to San Francisco (station WVY).[22] At Capalaba, initially six Rhombic aerials were installed around the open paddocks, as well as several smaller, less powerful aerials known as double doublet aerials.[23] As the war in the Pacific intensified and the Allied forces progressively gained ground over the Japanese, an increased number of command posts were established, each connected to the ACAN network. Improvements in radio equipment at Capalaba in early 1943 also intensified the amount of communications able to be received. It was estimated that in late 1942 Brisbane received 100,000 groups per day. By early 1943, this had risen to 250,000.[24]
\nThe Capalaba station was one of the most important receiving stations in the ACAN network as it was the direct line from Washington DC to SWPA headquarters, where messages were received within minutes of being sent. From Washington, messages were sent via wire cable to San Francisco and then by radio transmission across the ACAN network direct to Capalaba. The received messages were then sent to Base Section 3 headquarters and ultimately to General MacArthur’s headquarters, ‘Commanders separated by oceans and continents could exchange questions and answers instantaneously, deciding major problems in a matter of minutes’.[25] By mid-1943, Capalaba was receiving eight command and administrative circuits from San Francisco, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea and the China-Burma-India theatre (CBI).[26]
\nMessages received at the Capalaba station and sent to Base Section 3 headquarters were not sent via radio waves, but by wire cable. In August 1942, at the urgent request of the US Army, the PMG constructed a direct cable line from the Capalaba station site to Base Section 3 headquarters.[27] Further installations were also installed at the transmitting stations at Redland Bay and Hemmant for an initial cost of £12,000.[28]
\nSecure telephone communications between SWPA headquarters, Washington DC and other command centres was critical. By 1943, the Signal Corps, based on technology recently invented by the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York, had developed a ground-breaking communications system known as SIGSALY. This secret system encrypted conversations between command centres, including SWPA headquarters (where the equipment was installed in the basement of the AMP building). SIGSALY ensured complete security and pioneered digital transmission and pulse code modulation. [29] The Capalaba receiving station played an integral role in the SIGSALY system as it received the encrypted conversations and relayed them to General Headquarters.[30]
\nThe US Army continued to operate the receiving station at the end of the war. The other receiving/transmitting station at Rocklea had been vacated in July 1945, followed soon after by the transmitting station at the Redland Bay Golf Course. Neither station remains. The Hemmant transmitting station was transferred to the PMG and continued to be used as a radio station until sold to private owners in the 1980s, who converted it into a house.[31]
\nAfter the war, negotiations were undertaken by PMG to acquire the Capalaba station, which had been leased by the US Army. The PMG purchased the station building, the equipment and the aerials from the US Army.[32]
\nAdditionally, the PMG intended to compulsorily acquire the majority of the farmland for communications purposes.[33] After lengthy discussions with the owners, the Cottons, the PMG acquired approximately 159 acres (62ha), being most of Portions 46 and 41, and subdivisions 1 and 2 of Portion 42. The Cottons were compensated £2000 by the Government.[34] By late 1946, the US Army had left the Capalaba station.
\nThe station was then occupied by both the PMG’s Engineering branch and its Wireless branch. The work carried out at the station was to monitor radio signals to ensure the clarity of both civil and emergency services’ radio frequencies. This important work was carried out by the PMG until 1975 when telephone, radio and television broadcasting was taken over by Telecom.[35] As radio technology advanced throughout these years, the equipment within the station, as well as the numerous aerials planted throughout the site, was replaced or upgraded. Within the receiving station building the original equipment room was divided into smaller spaces by partition walls.
\nIn 2005, the site was transferred to the newly-named Australian Communications and Media Authority, ACMA, which operated the site until its closure in 2017. The majority of equipment was removed from the station at this time. The Cummins diesel generator was also removed from the generator shed. In 2019, the site was sold to the Redland City Council and the buildings remain empty in 2020.
","criteria":"The US Army Radio Receiving Station (Former), built 1943, is a rare, representative surviving example of a military communications facility established as part of the United States of America (US) Army Communications Administration Network (ACAN) during World War II (WWII). It is important in demonstrating the central role Queensland played as a military communications centre during WWII. The receiving station was vital to the South West Pacific campaign as it provided fast, direct, and secure communication to General Headquarters in Brisbane, from overseas command posts.
|The US Army Radio Receiving Station (Former) is rare as one of two purpose-built ACAN stations in Queensland and is the most intact and distinctive example.
|The US Army Radio Receiving Station (Former) is an intact and rare example of a WWII ACAN radio receiving station in Queensland. Purpose-built, in its form, materials and layout it is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type, including its: remote secured location with access via a guarded private road; situated away from built up areas and on swampy ground conducive to good radio reception via large rhombic radio aerial arrays; utilitarian building robustly built to withstand attack; provision of large equipment and communications rooms and domestic quarters, arranged to isolate functions; high levels of natural ventilation to primary equipment room; wide entrance doors to allow access for large radio equipment; and a generator shed for backup power.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion D","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":null,"place_ref":650265,"name":"Ward 13, Dunwich Benevolent Asylum (former)","alternate_name":"Sibelco Training Room | CRL Training Room","street_address":"8 Mallon Street","suburb":"DUNWICH","lga":"REDLAND CITY COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2021-04-30","description":"Ward 13, Dunwich Benevolent Asylum (c1889-93) is a modest, lowset timber building standing near the centre of Dunwich on Minjerribah/North Stradbroke Island. Constructed prior to the formation of the existing surrounding roads, the rectangular building stands on an angle within its allotment, roughly following along the sloping, grassed terrain with its long sides facing northeast and southwest. Its core is surrounded by a verandah on three sides and has a timber-framed hip roof continuous over the verandah. Originally symmetrical and accommodating a long single dormitory room, almost half the building (the southeast end) has been demolished (1947-55), truncating the roof at this end into a gable.
\nThe building has single-skin timber wall framing, with studs and diagonal bracing exposed externally, clad on the internal side by chamferboards. Windows are on both long sides in a repeated pattern fitted between every fifth and sixth stud.
\nThe building does not have a front and originally had entrances into the interior at either short end. It retains its entrance at the northwest end, and later entrances have been made on the northeast and southwest sides. The remaining half of the long dormitory has been divided into two spaces by a later partition and the northwest room retains its lofty ceiling, lined with beaded boards on the rake of the roof, exposing the timber tie beams.
\nThe southwest verandah has been enclosed with chamferboards to form smaller rooms, with a large opening made in the verandah wall into the dormitory and all original window openings on this side closed over with chamferboards. The chamferboards of the verandah enclosure, the southeast end wall, a small lean-to enclosure on the southeast end of the building, and the internal partition match those of the verandah walls, and may have been reused from the demolished portion of the building.
\nFeatures of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nFeatures not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nThe former Ward 13 was constructed c1889-93 as a ward for male inmates of the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum, which was operated by the Queensland Government on Minjerribah/North Stradbroke Island from 1865 to 1946. The asylum was Queensland’s first and largest institution for the destitute, accommodating people who, due to age, unemployment, illness, or mental or physical disability, could not support themselves. In 1946 the asylum’s inmates were transferred to ‘Eventide’ at Sandgate; Ward 13 was then used by sand mining companies; reduced in length between 1947 and 1955, and converted to a conference/training room in 1986. In 2021, it is the only known in-situ example of inmate accommodation at a government benevolent asylum in Queensland.
\nThe site of the benevolent asylum at Dunwich, also known as Goompi, is part of the traditional land of the Quandamooka people, on the west side of Minjerribah/North Stradbroke Island.[1] Prior to the asylum, Dunwich had been used by Europeans during the Moreton Bay Penal settlement era (1824-39), when there was a garrisoned out-station (1827-31, QHR 602139) at Dunwich. A mission to the Quandamooka people by the Passionist Order existed at Dunwich from 1843-7; and a quarantine station, located on high ground northeast of the causeway, operated from 1850-66. The convict-built stone causeway of the outstation [QHR 601021] and the buildings of the quarantine station were later utilised by the asylum.[2]
\nThe asylum at Dunwich was an Australian version of the English poorhouse, established to house and feed those members of the community who were unable to provide for themselves. During the 19th century and early 20th century, poverty was seen as the fault of the individual. Charity recipients had to be ‘deserving’, i.e. respectable, grateful, and obedient; and, if possible, work to help ‘earn their keep’. Institutionalisation (’indoor relief’) was seen as one solution to poverty, and government aid was provided to various private charity groups, such as benevolent societies.[3]
\nIn 1844 the Moreton Bay Benevolent Society formed as a charity administered by citizens, with some government funding. The society was given responsibility for the Brisbane hospital on George Street in 1858. This became known as the ‘Brisbane Hospital and Benevolent Asylum’, as hospitals of the time were also used as a place of relief for the destitute. In 1861 the Queensland Government passed the Benevolent Asylum Wards Act, awarding funds to all Queensland hospitals to set wards aside as benevolent asylums.[4]
\nFrom 1863 the Brisbane hospital committee sought to separate the hospital from the benevolent asylum, and in 1865 it rejected the idea of a separate benevolent asylum building on the grounds of a proposed new hospital on Bowen Bridge Road. The hospital committee wanted an immediate solution to overcrowding at the existing hospital; so responsibility for the benevolent asylum was transferred to the Immigration Department. In May 1865, some inmates of the benevolent asylum were sent to the vacant 1860s buildings at the Dunwich quarantine station, under the charge of Dr Jonathan Labatt. However, the continuing intermittent use of the quarantine station for vessels meant that inmates were moved between Dunwich, Brisbane and South Brisbane, before finally moving back to Dunwich in November 1866.[5]
\nThe asylum at Dunwich, the first and largest Government-run benevolent asylum in Queensland, was the last resort for people experiencing poverty who had no other means of support, including their families.[6] Its remote location was considered a useful way to keep these people away from the temptations of alcohol and out of sight of polite society.[7] Theoretically, both admission and discharge of the elderly poor was by request.[8] The majority of inmates were from unskilled or low-skilled occupations; 60 years of age or older; and male, with females fewer than 11.7% of total admissions. Dunwich drew its inmates from across Queensland, although the opening of ‘Eventide’ (meaning the end of the day, or the evening) at Charters Towers in 1929 reduced the number of males admitted to Dunwich from Western Queensland.[9] It has been estimated that during the 19th century, 25% of Queensland men older than 65 were in the asylum, before this dropped to 10% in 1901 as the total number of older people in Queensland increased. The statistics for men aged over 60 at the asylum are 5% in 1891 and 4.5% in 1901.[10]
\nAs well as Dunwich, and Eventide in Charters Towers, there were three ‘Government homes for aged women’ in Queensland by 1929: The Hospice, South Brisbane; the Brodribb Home, Toowoomba; and the Rockhampton Benevolent Asylum, although these three were small institutions.[11] By 1943, there were four Government benevolent asylums: Dunwich, the Brodribb Home, Eventide at Charters Towers, and the Rockhampton Benevolent Asylum. No early inmate accommodation remains at the latter three sites.[12]
\nMost people younger than 50 were sent to Dunwich because of specific chronic illnesses or disabilities, rather than age or poverty. At various times the asylum housed people suffering from leprosy, diabetes, cancer, and tuberculosis; ‘inebriates’ (alcoholics); unemployed people; people with epilepsy; people with mental or physical disabilities, including vision impairments; and orphans or the children of inmates.[13]
\nHospital wards and a ‘blind’ ward were built at Dunwich. A lazaret (for inmates with leprosy/Hansen’s disease) was also established on Adam’s Beach, on the south side of Dunwich, in 1892 (moved to Peel Island in 1907), and a tented camp for ‘consumptives’ (tuberculosis patients) was set up at Polka Point, north of the female division, in 1904.[14]
\nQueensland’s first Inebriates Institution, for the confinement of alcoholics, was located within the asylum, from 1899-1910 and 1916-1946. Inmates were committed, under the Inebriates Institutions Act 1896, at their own or their family’s request, or because of repeated convictions for public drunkenness.[15] Amongst the younger inmates were returned soldiers of World War I, committed to the Inebriates Institution as early as 1916, and these men were the majority of admissions to that facility, housed in Ward 91/2 of the asylum, from 1918-24.[16]
\nThe diversity of ages and mental and physical conditions of the inmates meant the facility was overcrowded and difficult to manage. Superintendents at Dunwich had broad powers over the inmates and, as the local government representative, over the Quandamooka people on the island. However, they had limited power over visitors to the island.[17]
\nThere were two major enquiries into the asylum, which had some effect on conditions at Dunwich. An 1884-5 inquiry into the asylum led to several reforms: a separate female division; the appointment of Superintendents with medical qualifications; and a set of regulations for the asylum, after passage of the Charitable Institutions Management Act 1885. The Act made inmates, or their relatives, with means, liable for their costs; inmates could also be directed to work if capable, and could be punished for disobedience of the regulations ‘by way of fine, solitary confinement, hard labour, or deprivation of food or comforts’. A 1905-6 inquiry, due to accusations of neglect, later led to (although not specifically recommended) extra buildings, food refrigeration, and a steam laundry.[18]
\nUntil the 1900s, inmates able to work provided most of the asylum’s workforce, undertaking positions of responsibility in the wards and administration, and odd jobs such as cleaning, mattress stuffing, wood cutting, nightsoil removal, grass cutting, gardening and minor maintenance, boot repair, candle making, shepherding, and working in the mess and kitchens. Inmates were also involved in food production, as the government attempted to offset some of the asylum’s expenses through fishing, crops (hampered by poor soil), and keeping dairy cows, pigs, sheep and poultry.[19]
\nHeavy work for the asylum was undertaken by members of the Quandamooka people, who lived at Myora, and later at the One Mile, both north of the asylum. Quandamooka men sourced firewood, dug graves, and unloaded the supply ship. Other jobs included herding, working in the dairy or piggery, and tracking lost or escaped inmates. Quandamooka women worked as servants, maids, and assistant nurses. In the early 20th century some Quandamooka men held trade and skilled jobs, including on the supply boats and in the electricity generating plant (electrification occurring at Dunwich c1928).[20]
\nAs the asylum relied on the cheap labour of the Quandamooka people (initially paid in rations), a longstanding and complex relationship developed. The Quandamooka people were subject to the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act of 1897, and were placed under the control of the asylum’s superintendent, who could theoretically exile them from the island or ban them from the asylum grounds; yet because their labour was critical to asylum’s operation, the Quandamooka people living on Minjerribah/North Stradbroke Island were less repressed and controlled than Aboriginal peoples living in Queensland Government Aboriginal Settlements such as Barambah (Cherbourg) and Taroom.[21]
\nIn its 80 years of operation, the asylum admitted 21,000 people, with inmate numbers rising each year until the early 1900s. During the depression years of the 1890s and 1930s, and the Federation drought, the asylum was in heavy demand. Admissions per annum rose sharply in the late 1890s-early 1900s, just before and after World War I, and in the mid-1930s. The number of inmates passing through (‘relieved’) during any one year peaked in 1903, at 1589 relieved in total.[22] The annual death rate averaged 10.9% per year, based on total admittances.[23] Between 1901 and 1925, anywhere from 1.8% to 4.8% of inmates also ‘ran away’ annually, mostly by failing to return from approved leave on the mainland.[24]
\nThe steady increase in the inmate population between 1865 and 1903 meant that accommodation space, and the requirement for new wards (most for male inmates), was always an issue at the asylum. As well as wards, tents were also utilised in periods of high demand, and trusted inmates could build their own huts, or live outside the asylum.[25]
\nThe first buildings used by the asylum were five from the quarantine station.[26] By 1879, there were 10 main buildings other than the superintendent’s quarters.[27] The number of wards fluctuated over time, as new wards were built, buildings were converted to wards, and old wards were converted to other uses or demolished.
\nThe Dunwich asylum ward buildings and their layout were designed by the Queensland Government’s Department of Public Works to a ‘pavilion plan’, a mid-19th to early 20th century health and architecture theory. From the 1860s to the 1930s, almost all Queensland hospitals were based on these principles. Wards were separated into detached pavilions, which were long and narrow, and typically accommodated a single large dormitory with high levels of natural light and ventilation. They were laid out in a regularised pattern, often symmetrically or around shared outdoor spaces, on open elevated sites to catch breezes. The wards were usually timber and incorporated wide wrap-around verandahs, and had open space on all sides. Those at Dunwich adhered to these principles.[28]
\nMales and females were housed separately at Dunwich, even if they were married. A new female division opened to the northwest of the main complex in 1886 – the same year a timber jetty was built at the end of the causeway, to enable landing of supplies at any state of the tide, which were delivered by horse-pulled tramway to a storeroom, and later the 1910 laundry/kitchen complex. No new accommodation was built in 1887, and in 1888 a laundry was converted into two male wards. [29]
\nWard 13 is not present on an 1885 plan,[30] but a major building programme of 11 new male wards was undertaken between 1889 and 1893. During this period, the number of inmates present at the end of each year rose from 542 in 1889, to 792 in 1893.[31] This was a result of both increased admissions and decreased discharges during the economic depression of the 1890s.[32] The annual reports of the asylum in the 1890s complained that a number of unemployed men who entered Dunwich did not leave because there was no work for them; and they could not be compelled to leave, even if they were able bodied.[33]
\nThe wards at Dunwich were long, narrow timber buildings with encircling verandahs and galvanised iron hipped roofs, and some also had roof ventilators. Through doors in both short ends, they accommodated a single open room with windows on either long side between the beds against each wall – in times of overcrowding, a row of beds could be added down the centre of the room, or on the verandahs. An 1888 plan, most likely for the new ward constructed by Fitzwilliam Williams in 1888-9, shows a ward 90ft by 22ft (27.4m by 6.7m), with 7ft (2.1m) verandahs on four sides, and a central set of steps to each verandah; eight windows along each long side, and a doorway at each end. Ward 13 appears to be similar in design to this plan.[34]
\nAs mentioned, further wards were erected by 1893, including Ward 13 – although the latter’s exact construction date is unknown.[35] Ward 13 is labelled ‘19’ in a c1905 plan, and ‘13’ in a c1908 plan, which indicates the numbering system evolved over time.[36]
\nThe wards at Dunwich were very basic. Inmates had little space and limited privacy; each inmate was allocated a bed and a bedside locker. Mattresses were stuffed with grass from Peel Island. Inmates were responsible for airing and washing their own blankets, but evidence to the 1905–6 inquiry indicated that this was rarely enforced, with bed bugs and mites being prolific.[37]
\nA site plan from December 1913 (Ward 13 still labelled as such) illustrates the development of the asylum at the time of its peak, including the female division; 23 numbered male wards; and a new mess hall [QHR 601163], opened in October that year. The asylum was on the high ground in a 'u' shape around a lower lying open community space (in 2021 the public reserve) which fronted the beach, with several rows of male wards on the high ground (the site of the Dunwich shops in 2021) west of the square of wards around the laundry and kitchen.[38] By 1917, there were 22 single room male wards (657 beds), 7 female wards (147 beds), a tent section (80 beds), and the tented consumptives’ camp (30 beds).[39] By 1942, when a site plan shows Ward 13 as “Ward 4’, there were 20 wards in the male division, and 5 wards in the female division.[40]
\nCoupled with poor funding and unqualified staff, asylum conditions were often considered appalling. In 1904, the typical diet for inmates was a plate of hominy (dried corn, softened), bread and tea for breakfast; boiled beef with potatoes (or rice) four days a week, with stew three days a week, for dinner (midday meal); and bread with molasses, and tea, for ‘tea’ (evening meal). There was a lack of vegetables, and fish was often rotten, until refrigeration was introduced to Dunwich in 1912.[41]
\nContemporary media coverage of the asylum fluctuated between positive and negative, from considering it a tranquil island paradise with good food, to a grim prison marked by deprivation.[42] The consensus amongst modern researchers is that the experience was demeaning, and infantilised the inmates. As Joseph Goodall stated, ‘The overwhelming majority of [Dunwich] inmates deserved more charity than they received. They were sent to Dunwich not because they were needy, but because they were unneeded, to live out their last few years in a dull existence of physical austerity and spiritual barrenness which few of them questioned. This was the most tragic thing of all: that they themselves, convinced they deserved nothing more, went quietly and gently into the night’.[43]
\nFor inmates who did not have a job, the daily routine hardly changed over the lifetime of the asylum. A description from a Sunday Mail article in 1934 stated: ‘One day is much like another at Dunwich. A bell rings at 6 a.m. to waken the community, and they prepare for breakfast at 7.45. Then they may read or fish, play cards or swim, until their dinner time at 12.45. The tea hour varies according to the time of year, but is served as a rule about 4.45 p.m’.[44] Inmates of the non-hospital wards had to be out of their ward from breakfast to late afternoon. There was a curfew and ‘lights-out’ in the wards at 9 pm.[45]
\nThroughout the existence of the asylum, the Quandamooka people remained an indispensable part of the workforce, and after a long campaign and the assistance of the Australian Workers Union, the Aboriginal male labourers achieved award rates for their wages in an agreement with the Queensland Government in 1944 – more than 20 years before Aboriginal workers in the pastoral industry received equal pay (1968).[46]
\nDespite gradual improvements to conditions at Dunwich over time, the institution reached the end of its usefulness after World War II. During early October 1946, after minimal notice, the inmates were transferred to the former RAAF Station at Brighton, Sandgate, which was renamed 'Eventide'. Staff remained at Dunwich until June 1947, dismantling the asylum, which was then officially closed.[47] Ward buildings were sold and either relocated on site or to the mainland. The 1907 church, and the 1913 men’s mess building, both survived [QHR 601163], with the latter becoming the Dunwich Public Hall. A former police lock-up and some staff housing is also extant in 2021.[48]
\nWard 13 is the only inmate accommodation to survive in-situ in 2021. What was left of the asylum was surveyed in September 1947, with a new road grid for the town surveyed in 1948.[49] Ward 13, which at the time of the 1947 survey retained its full length, was left for the use of the sand-mining company Titanium and Zirconium Industries (TAZI), which acquired prospecting rights for rutile and zirconium in 1947, and was later granted mining leases.[50] By 1955, a large, corrugated iron building had been erected west of Ward 13, and almost half of the southeast end of the former Ward 13 had been removed. By 1958 a new processing plant had been built, incorporating the 1910 laundry and kitchen buildings, to the south and east of the ward.[51]
\nWard 13 was used as a kitchen, and then as the base for the Dunwich Pottery/Ceramic Group, until Consolidated Rutile Ltd, which took over the lease in 1985, renovated Ward 13 as a training centre in 1986.[52] Mineral sand mining on Minjerribah/North Stradbroke Island ceased at the end of 2019, and the site of Ward 13 is due to be remediated in 2021 by Sibelco (owner of Consolidated Rutile) prior to the transferral of the site and Ward 13 to the ownership of the Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee Aboriginal Corporation.
","criteria":"Ward 13, Dunwich Benevolent Asylum (former), constructed c1889-93, is important in demonstrating the Queensland Government’s response to the care and treatment of the aged, homeless and destitute in the late 19th century. The asylum operated on Minjerribah/North Stradbroke Island from 1865-1946 and was the first and largest institution of its type in Queensland. Ward 13, the only in-situ example of inmate accommodation at the asylum, illustrates the spartan nature of the accommodation provided, which reflected the Government’s minimal expenditure at Dunwich.
|The Dunwich Benevolent Asylum was the largest government institution for Queensland’s aged, homeless and destitute between 1865 and 1946. Ward 13 is the only known in-situ example of inmate accommodation at Dunwich, and the earliest surviving example of benevolent asylum inmate accommodation in Queensland.
|As a surviving building of the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum, the former Ward 13 has a special association with past inmates and staff members of the asylum, and their descendants, including the Quandamooka people of Minjerribah/North Stradbroke Island.
\nThe asylum could not have functioned without the labour of Quandamooka men and women throughout its c.80 years of operation (1865-1946). With the assistance of the Australian Workers Union, the asylum’s Aboriginal male labourers were granted award wages in 1944 – more than two decades before Aboriginal workers in the pastoral industry.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"} ]}