The former Springsure Hospital, now the Springsure Hospital Museum, is situated at 13 Woodbine Street, Springsure, located adjacent to the present Springsure Hospital. The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a Queensland hospital in that it stands on elevated ground away from the town centre. The Victorian Georgian style building is substantially intact and is comprised of a single storey brick building with an attached timber annex.
The main brick building constructed c. 1868 comprises two sections. The western section is the former six-bed ward designed on the pavilion plan. Offices and a storeroom are located within the eastern section and a verandah extends the full lengths of the main elevation, the western elevation and part of the northern elevation. The building is constructed of locally manufactured bricks in English Bond style with stonework forming the foundations beneath floor level. The stonework of the foundations has been used to level the floor of the main building, as there is a fall in slope to the west; the eastern section of the building is at ground level, the western section is on timber stumps.
The main room that is the former ward area demonstrates the principles of the pavilion design with its promotion of sanitation and cross-ventilation. The ward is designed to accommodate six beds of single depth against the walls each bed would have had a French door between it and the next bed. There are three French doors, each with a window above on each of the southern and northern elevations, each of the doors opening to the verandah. The building has three fireplaces, a feature that is rare for Central Queensland. Two of the fireplaces are in the ward, the third in the former office.
The eastern section of the main building comprises two rooms on the south and two small rooms with an open passage between on the northern side. A modern toilet is located on the northern verandah. Quoins are a feature of the main building on the western side and sash windows feature flat arches and keystones. Gothic style scalloped timber bargeboards decorate the steeply pitched roof of the main building; the roofline over the verandahs is a less steep pitch, the entire roof being of corrugated iron overlying well preserved wooden shingles.
The annex is situated immediately to the west of the main building and is of two rooms with a verandah along the eastern elevation with a decorative spandrel along its western edge. The timber-framed building weatherboard clad and roofed with corrugated iron features external framing on the southern and eastern elevation.
The grounds in front of the complex are landscaped with native shrub and trees.
","history":"The Springsure Hospital was constructed in c1868, as a response to the needs of the local community.
In 1844 Leichhardt traversed an area to the east of what is now Springsure, naming the Expedition Range, Albinia Downs and Comet Creek as he went. Some two years later Major Mitchell entered the area and named further features in the classical style (such as Salvator Rosa) while the following year Leichhardt attempted to explore the area again but was forced back by floodwaters.
While the Leichhardt Pastoral District was officially opened up to settlement on 10 January 1854, William Landsborough subsequently in 1858 explored the Comet River through to the area that is now Springsure.
In 1863 surveyor Charles Gregory laid out the plan for Springsure, the town reserve taking in an area of 50 square miles centred on the springs of Springsure Creek. As pastoral enterprises proved successful, more and more settlers streamed into the area and by the time the 1864 census was taken the Springsure Police District recorded a total of 720 persons, 619 of them male, with only 34 of the 720 people actually residing in the township of Springsure. By the late 1860s it became apparent that a hospital was needed in the district.
The Springsure Hospital was erected c1868 as a response to needs of the local community who set up a committee of volunteers to manage the project. The hospital was to be run by governors, each governor to subscribe a minimum of one pound per year towards the running of the hospital. From those subscribers, a committee responsible for the affairs of the hospital was to be elected, the committee to be comprised of a president, a secretary and other officers. On 7 October 1868, William Henry Hinton, Louis Meyer and George Pultney Malcolm Murray were appointed trustees. Patients able to pay for their treatment would be required to do so whereas those unable to afford treatment would receive the medical care required regardless.
In 1868, the hospital was opened. Its feature characteristics were those of the pavilion plan, a plan first designed and implemented in France in the mid 19th century. The Lariboisiere Hospital had opened in Paris in 1854. Following promotion of the pavilion plan by Florence Nightingale who recognised its advantages for the recovery of soldiers suffering from the effects of the Crimean War, almost all hospitals constructed in Queensland in the 1860-1880 period were built to incorporate the features of the pavilion plan.
The principal design characteristics of the pavilion plan were to provide good ventilation and sanitation for the benefit and recovery of patients. The Springsure Hospital was no exception and today is the oldest surviving hospital constructed on the pavilion plan in Queensland and is the first hospital constructed in inland Queensland.
The hospital was erected as a small cottage type hospital that incorporated the pavilion plan ward with other facilities including an office, surgery, dispensary and a store within the one main building. At its inception the hospital comprised a brick building with a shingle roof with its main section housing a ward that accommodated six beds. To promote cross ventilation, French doors were located along the northern and southern sides of the main ward, with a verandah encircling three sides of the ward. Each of the beds was positioned between each set of French doors to ensure that the patients were afforded adequate ventilation.
Initially a husband and wife team, Thomas and Ellen Cahill were appointed as wardsman and matron and continued in these positions until the mid 1870s.
In 1871 the census for the Springsure Police District recorded 1098 people, 370 of whom were residing in the township of Springsure. In that year the doctor treated a total of 48 cases and the government 'helped out' with a contribution of £300. Accordingly in the 1870s the hospital was expanded to meet the growing needs of the community with an extra ward added in 1879 to bring the number of beds to seventeen. The central Board of Health requested that the Hospital Board appoint a health officer at its own expense but the Board refused stating that a health officer was unnecessary as Springsure was a healthy and well-drained district.
When banks crashed in the 1890s the Hospital Board had its money locked up and as a result was forced to arrange overdraft. Despite this by 1897 the Hospital Board was in a position to employ its first trained nurse, Miss Alice Kemp and in 1900 as a response to a Central government requirement that Boards take positive action Dr Neilson was appointed health officer at a cost of £25. Despite the hospital having been in operation since the late 1860s it was not until 1902 that the deeds to the land were received.
The 1884 Health Act made local governments responsible for the treatment of infectious disease, mainly because of the "miasma" theory of disease transmission, which blamed infectious diseases on noxious vapours arising from poor sanitation and bad drainage - both local government responsibilities. This also gave Councils responsibility for inoculations such as the program organised by the Bauhinia Shire Council in response to the 1919 flu epidemic. Councils were also expected to provide hospital wards for the treatment of infectious diseases. In 1920 the Bauhinia Council provided £200 to the hospital to make improvements to the isolation ward.
Expansion continued apace with the erection of separate staff quarters in 1914. Improvements to the district's health services continued throughout the 1920s with establishment of an ambulance brigade and with Miss Hammond opening Westray as maternity home in 1921. As part of a statewide response by the government to the Maternity Act 1922 and as existing facilities were becoming less than adequate, in 1924 the State Government constructed a maternity ward at the Springsure Hospital. In 1925 a new complex housing wards and a kitchen was constructed adjacent to the 1868 brick building. Although the State Government was providing some health facilities for the Springsure community, in 1923 local authorities were expected to meet some of the shortfall between income and expenditure for their local hospitals through precepts, such as the £100 provided in 1924 by the Bauhinia Shire Council. The Council continued to take responsibility for inoculation campaigns, providing diphtheria inoculations for the community free of charge in 1931. . Local government responsibility for hospital finances only ceased after the Hospitals Act of 1945.
When the depression affected the financial status of the hospital to the point where it was likely to close a public meeting was called to make arrangements for a further input of voluntary contributions. Strong hostility towards the possibility that the hospital could come under the control of the state in the late 1930s instigated the Bauhinia Council to pledge a £400 per annum to ensure that the hospital continued to be maintained under the voluntary system
When a new hospital was constructed in 1938 the former hospital building was used for recreation and as a dance hall for the nurses. During the 1970s new staff quarters were erected and in the 1980s when the original brick building was identified as being surplus to the needs of the Hospital Board the site was subdivided. A reserve was created comprising the 1868 building and the adjacent 19th century timber annex. The Bauhinia Shire Council was appointed trustee. Restoration work was undertaken in 1988 and on 19 August 1989, the Honourable Mike Ahern MLA, Premier and Treasurer of Queensland opened the Springsure Hospital Museum. The Museum is furnished to resemble an early rural hospital; it has a collection of medical equipment, photographs and other records.
In 2004-2005 the Springsure Hospital Museum is closed to the general public for safety reasons.
","criteria":"Erected c1868, the former Springsure Hospital is important in demonstrating the development of health facilities in 19th century Queensland. The hospital was erected as a local initiative and managed by a voluntary committee. The building is significant in that it illustrates the rapidity with which the principles of the pavilion plan were adopted in Queensland. The first hospital constructed to the pavilion plan had only opened in Paris in 1854. The plan had only become widely accepted in Britain in the mid 1860s following the efforts of Florence Nightingale and others to promote the advantages that the plan incorporated for the sick.
|The former Springsure Hospital is significant as a rare surviving example of a hospital complex erected in the 19th century. Of more than 90 public hospitals erected in Queensland in the 19th century, only ten buildings are known to survive. Within this group, the former Springsure Hospital complex is the only example of a small cottage type hospital that combined a small pavilion ward with other facilities in the one main building. Not only is the former Springsure Hospital the first inland hospital constructed in Queensland it is also Queensland's oldest surviving hospital designed on the pavilion plan. While an extensive number of pavilion plan hospitals were constructed, few have survived development in the 20th and 21st centuries.
|With its verandah encircling three sides of the main ward and with French doors to the northern and southern sides of the building, creating cross ventilation, the former Springsure Hospital is significant as a good example of the pavilion plan design which aimed to promote cross ventilation and sanitation for the benefit and recovery of patients. Not only does the hospital incorporate the latest hospital design of its time it was also adapted to take into account the climatic conditions of inland central Queensland.
|The former Springsure Hospital, now the Springsure Hospital Museum, is valued by the community for the role it played in the establishment of health services and in the provision of medical training facilities. The site is important to the people of Springsure and surrounding area for its role as the principal site of public health care, the birth, life and death of the people of the area and in providing recreational facilities following its decommissioning as a hospital. Such facilities were valued not only for their functional role in caring for the sick, but also as symbols of progress and as evidence of civilising forces at work.
The former Springsure Hospital is valued by the community as one of the earliest surviving buildings in the district.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion D | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":14801,"place_ref":600026,"name":"Old Rainworth Stone Store","alternate_name":"Rainworth Head Station Store | Old Rainworth Fort","street_address":"Wealwandangie Road","suburb":"SPRINGSURE","lga":"CENTRAL HIGHLANDS REGIONAL COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"The Old Rainworth Stone Store is located on Burnside approximately 10 kilometres by road from Springsure. It is accessed by travelling south along the Dawson Highway towards Rolleston for approximately 8 kilometres then taking the Wealwandangie Road for a further 2 kilometres.
The Old Rainworth Stone Store has undergone partial reconstruction. It is a single-storey structure with a corrugated iron broken hipped roof with a U-shaped verandah encircling the entire western elevation and part of the southern and northern elevations. Constructed of locally quarried basalt, the stones are mortared with a pise of calcified basalt that comes from beneath the black soils of the district The building contains six rooms, a cellar and a loft. The unlined walls vary in thickness from 35 to 45 centimetres.
The main room on the western side of the building is accessed through double timber doors made of diagonal boards, and which have original fittings. The main room has a timber floor and windows. The timber frame of an interior partition wall with a connecting doorway remains. From the main room a set of timber stairs lead to the loft. The treads are narrow (13 centimetres) and there are no risers. A recent handrail of debarked bush timber has been installed for safety purposes. The loft has a timber floor.
The encircling verandah has stone flooring and a set of timber stairs lead from the western side down to a cellar. The cellar walls and floor are of stone and several vents are set into the walls.
The eastern section of the building is comprised of three rooms. The walls and flooring of each of the end rooms are of stone while the centre room has an earthen floor with an exterior wall of horizontal slab timbers.
To the south west of the building are the remains of what appears to have been an arbor; this is constructed of debarked bush timbers. Immediately to the west of this is the site of the former Rainworth Homestead. No surface remains are apparent.
","history":"The Rainworth store is a single-storeyed, rectangular stone structure built in 1862 for Jesse Gregson as a storehouse on Rainworth Station in the Diamantina district of Queensland. It was built adjacent to Rainworth Creek, close to the boundary of Rainworth and Cairdbeign and is now part of the Old Rainworth Fort Tourist Complex on Wealwandangie Road, about 8 kilometres from Springsure.
In 1844 Leichhardt explored an area to the east of what is now the township of Springsure, naming the Expedition Range, Albinia Downs and Comet Creek. In 1846 Major Mitchell travelled through the area and in 1847 Leichhardt attempted to explore the area again, but was forced back by floodwaters.
While the Leichhardt Pastoral District was officially opened to settlement on 10 January 1854, it was only after William Landsborough explored the Springsure area in 1858 that pastoralists began to take up runs in the vicinity.
Following a reconnaissance into the Leichhardt Pastoral District in late 1860 by Queensland's Surveyor-General Augustus Charles Gregory and William Kellman, the flat-topped hill south of present day Springsure was named Rainworth. Gregory subsequently took up a number of leases in the district, paying the rent on Wallaroo, Norwood, Emu Plains, Osmondthorpe and Yarra No.2 in March 1861. Gregory did not hold these leases for long, and in September 1862 the rents were paid by lessees Jesse Gregson and Alexander and William Busby, who called the combined runs Rainworth Station.
While travelling out to Sydney from England in the mid-1850s, one of Jesse Gregson's fellow passengers was Alexander Busby, who invited Gregson to visit him at Llangollen Station near Cassilis. Failing to find work in Sydney, Gregson took up Busby's offer and soon gained employment at Collaroy, a nearby property, where he learnt stock management and was appointed head overseer by 1858. In May 1860, as Busby's partner, he overlanded 5,000 sheep to a new station in Queensland, which he named Rainworth, near the future town of Springsure. By June 1861 Jesse Gregson was living on the property as manager and was in partnership with Alex and William Busby as lessees. Gregson described the run in his diaries:
I made my head station and called it Rainworth after the hill on the opposite side of the creek. It was a lovely tract of open country. A little creek fed by a stream flowed southerly to join Cona Creek. There was sparse timber, a stunted Downs box in patches all around, which without diminishing the open character of the country added to its beauty. Down the valley were clumps of tea tree scrub here and there. Opposite was the strikingly picturesque hill which Gregory had named Rainworth and which some seven or eight hundred feet above the level of the adjacent country. Behind our camp was another isolate hill called Mt Cassilis, the distance between the two hills being perhaps one and a half miles.
Rainworth Head Station was established on the Norwood East run, just north of the boundary with Cairdbeign Station and west/northwest of Rainworth Hill. At that time the Cairdbeign-Wealandangie Road to Springsure passed through the property, and the head station was established near where this road crossed Rainworth Creek. The first head station buildings were constructed of timber.
On 17 October 1861, a few months after Gregson had taken up occupancy at Rainworth, the local Kari people attacked the nearby pastoral property of Cullin-la-ringo. In that attack 19 people, including women and children, were killed. Of the 22 people on Cullin-la-Ringo that day three survived: a station hand and two shepherds. Edward Kenny, one of the surviving shepherds, rode to Jesse Gregson at Rainworth to raise the alarm and to seek help. Within days the former owner of Cullin-la-ringo, PE MacDonald, accompanied by a troop of Native Mounted Police, led reprisal attacks against the Kari people.
Construction began on a stone store at Rainworth in 1862, following the Cullin-la-ringo massacre. Its primary function was as a defensible storehouse. The builder was an Englishman, George Goldring, who with his son had arrived at Rainworth in 1862, and was employed initially as a bookkeeper. He left Rainworth in 1868.
To construct the store, Goldring burned lime, made bricks and collected basalt boulders. He bound the walls with a mortar mix of sand, lime and a holding element obtained from crushing calcified basalt. It is believed that the roof was clad with galvanised iron, which was amongst the earliest use of this material in the district. The Rainworth Store is the only known stone building erected by Golding in Queensland.
By 1867 Gregson had established the necessary plant and buildings at Rainworth. In that year he entered into a new seven year partnership with the Busbys and commenced fencing 20,000 acres of Rainworth land using wire, which he claimed was the first use of wire fencing in the district.
Jesse Gregson contributed significantly to the development of the Springsure district. He served as postmaster for the district until January 1864, when a post office was opened at the town of Springsure, surveyed in 1863. He was a member of the Springsure Road Trust, praised in 1864 by the Engineer of Roads in the Northern District, Frederick Byerley, for completing the work on their section of the Rockhampton to Springsure road within cost. At Cairdbeign on 4 January 1865, a meeting of prominent landholders Archibald Buchanan, Robert Patton, William Thomson, Peter McIntosh and Jesse Gregson decided to form a local agricultural society to improve the quality of livestock.. Gregson was the inaugural Secretary of the Society.
In 1874 Alexander Busby, who was on the board of the Australian Agricultural Company, one of the largest pastoral and mining companies in Australia, recommended Gregson for the position of Company Superintendent. Gregson left Rainworth to take up this position, which he held from 1875 to 1905.
After the Gregson family left Rainworth in 1874, the property was offered for sale but there were no buyers and James Nesbit was appointed the manager. From 1862 the partners had held a mortgage with The Commercial Banking Company of Sydney and the lease was transferred to the Bank on 1 June 1877.
Government land policy at this period encouraged the resumption of large pastoral leaseholds for closer subdivision, but existing lessees could apply for pre-emptive selection as freehold, to protect improvements such as head station homesteads and shearing sheds. In November 1877 the Rainworth Head Station blocks, on Portions 1 and 1A, parish of Rainworth, county of Denison, were surveyed as pre-emptive selections. At this time improvements on portion 1A, which contained the head station buildings, totalled £2,836/15/- and comprised: a ten-roomed house of wood/weatherboard and shingles ('W & S'), valued at £750; a kitchen building with bath and saddle rooms, valued at £250; a stone store with cellars, granaries, meat rooms and dairy, valued at £1200; a number of slab and iron huts valued at £100; yards and 1 mile of 2 and 3 rail fencing, valued at £130; a water race and garden valued at £250; and 4.75 miles of 6 wire fencing valued at £156/15/-. The property was still operating as a sheep station, with lamb folds established close to the head station buildings.
Deeds of grant for portion 1A (containing the head station buildings) and portion 1 were issued to the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney in September 1878 and April 1880 respectively. In May 1888 title was transferred to Francis Hamilton Beadon Turner, who also acquired the lease of the consolidated Rainworth holding. It appears that until 1919 the lessees of Rainworth Station also owned the freehold of the Rainworth Head Station.
Title to the head station freehold passed to Dalgety & Company in 1904, then to Francis Bayntun Starky (grazier of Sydney) and Prosper Charles Trebeck (Stock & Station Agent of Sydney) in 1912.
Alexander McLaughlin (grazier of Burnside near Springsure) acquired the Rainworth Head Station freehold in 1919, and the property has been owned by his descendants ever since. It appears that from this time the freehold was known as Old Rainworth.
In 1940 Alexander McLaughlin divided his holdings amongst his children. Two of his granddaughters inherited Burnside and in 1973 purchased Old Rainworth. The McLaughlin sisters, concerned about the deterioration of the old stone store and wanting to restore and conserve its heritage, established a Committee for the Preservation of Old Rainworth Fort. Stonemason Gino Sandrin was employed in 1981 to restore the building. He used original stones that he shaped, using cement to help hold them in place.
In April 1980 the National Trust Journal described the Old Rainworth Stone Store. Constructed of local material, the bluestone walls were held together with a mortar of clay and the external walls with a mix of clay and limestone. It was single-storeyed with a loft and a cellar. The building appeared to have been constructed in two stages, the inner rectangular section first with the surrounding outer walls added later. It was rectangular in plan with a perimeter verandah. Originally the shorter sides of the rectangle were stone, however, weathering had caused these external walls to collapse. Windows and doors were timber framed and suspended floors were of cypress with massive log bearers. A timber framed calico partition created a main room. The stone store measured approximately 17 by 14 metres with the stone walls about 300 to 400 mm in thickness. The roof was corrugated iron.
In 1987 the Old Cairdbeign homestead, constructed in the 1870s, was demolished and re-erected at Old Rainworth, which was being developed as an historical tourist complex. Springsure timber worker Robert Young re-built the homestead between 18 July and 31 October 1987.
Archibald Buchanan was the first owner of Cairdbeign and his was the first homestead built on Rainworth Creek. By 1881 the head station had been moved about 20 kilometres southeast of Rainworth and a new large slab house of seven rooms erected, using some timber from a barn at the former head station on the creek. Some of these slabs with joggles cut for holding benches can still be seen in the old Cairdbeign homestead at the Rainworth historical tourist complex.
The former Cairdbeign School also has been relocated to Old Rainworth.
Neither Cairdbeign Homestead nor the Cairdbeign School are considered to be of state-level cultural heritage significance.
Old Rainworth now functions as a tourist facility and has a special association for tourists and visiting school children.
","criteria":"The Old Rainworth Stone Store illustrates the pattern of early non-indigenous settlement in Queensland, where the development of pastoral properties preceded agriculture and the establishment of towns. Because of the distance of Rainworth Station from a major settlement, lessee Jesse Gregson had the stone building erected in 1862 to store and protect supplies brought twice a year from Rockhampton. Its construction illustrates the need on pastoral properties for the provision of adequate storage facilities in harsh climatic conditions remote from the source of supply.
|The Rainworth Stone Store is a rare surviving mid-19th century stone building constructed for the purpose of storing provisions for lengthy periods. In addition, comparatively few stores on pastoral properties were constructed in stone in Queensland at this period.
|The Rainworth Stone Store is a rare surviving mid-19th century stone structure in Queensland, which has the potential, through physical investigation and documentary research, to reveal important information about the design, form and function of stone buildings of this period, way of life on a pastoral property in a remote area, and about the people who erected such buildings.Archaeological deposits associated with the former homestead have the potential to contribute information on the lifeways of an operative pastoral property of the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century.
|The Rainworth Stone Store remains substantially intact and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a fortified store on a remote and early pastoral property. These characteristics include the use of traditional European building techniques combined with local materials with inherent insulation qualities.
|Rainworth Stone Store is an asset valued by the community as one of the earliest surviving buildings in the area and for its connections with the past. Forming part of a tourist attraction, Rainworth Stone Store is recognised as a significant part of the history of the district.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion C | Criterion D | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":15265,"place_ref":600490,"name":"Emerald Railway Station Complex","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Clermont Street (Capricorn Highway)","suburb":"EMERALD","lga":"CENTRAL HIGHLANDS REGIONAL COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"1992-10-21","description":"The Emerald Railway Station Complex occupies a large site, located on the southern side of Clermont Street (Capricorn Highway), at the south end of the commercial precinct in Emerald, a town in the Central Highlands Region. The elongated site aligns east-west along the Central Railway Line, which runs through the site and connects Rockhampton to Longreach. The site is bounded by Clermont Street (to the northeast), and residential, commercial and industrial properties (to the south, west and northwest).
\nA Passenger Station Building stands at the eastern end of the site, prominently fronting Clermont Street. A platform at its rear (southwest) allows for the boarding and disembarkation of rolling stock, and is separated by railway sidings from a weighbridge and cabin to the south. To the east of the Passenger Station Building is a Storage Area, former Guards’ Room and a Men’s Toilet Block. At the western end of the site, a Pedestrian Underpass runs under the railway line, connecting Clermont and Sullivan streets. Further to the west, a railway line branches north toward Clermont, and railway sidings branch south and form a triangle shape. Within the triangle are working sheds and areas, including an Inspection Pit and a Drop Pit Shed.
\nFeatures of Emerald Railway Station Complex of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nPassenger Station Building (1901)
\nThe Passenger Station Building is a symmetrical, single-storey, timber-framed and -clad railway station building used to accommodate office administration and connect railway passengers to the platform on its southwest side. The building has a hip roof, and is rectangular in plan, with southeast and northwest end pavilions, and additional rooms attached to the northwest pavilion. The building is a prominent and attractive landmark of Emerald, and makes an important visual contribution to the townscape.
\nThe front (northeast) elevation is highly decorative. Its symmetrical composition comprises a central entrance, separated from projecting end pavilions by flanking open verandahs. The central entrance is defined by a projecting, arch roofed, arcaded portico, featuring a timber lunette gable-end and the date ‘1900’ in raised lettering. Accessed by a central stair, the portico has paired columns and a cast metal filigree valance that forms a wide central arch and narrower arches to either side. The projecting end pavilions have gabled dormers with timber louvre lunettes, and windows with pedimented window hoods.
\nThe interior layout of the building includes a central passenger vestibule (a thoroughfare from the entrance portico to the railway line), and adjacent offices and amenities to the southeast and northwest sides. With the exception of the vestibule, the fabric and configuration of most interior partitions are recent replacements (some early timber framing may survive behind recent fabric where partitions are in the early locations). These recent partitions and a southern storeroom addition to the western pavilion are not of state-level cultural heritage significance.
\nFeatures of the Passenger Station Building of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nFeatures of the Passenger Station Building not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\n\n
Platform and Platform Shade (1901)
\nThe Platform and Platform Shade run parallel to the south elevation of the Passenger Station Building, adjacent the north side of the railway tracks. The Platform Shade has an arched roof, which has later been truncated on its south side to provide clearance for rolling stock on the railway tracks. The platform extends to the northwest and southeast beyond the Platform Shade.
\nFeatures of the Platform and Platform Shade of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nFeatures of the Platform and Platform Shade not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nGuards’ Room (former, c1901)
\nThe Guards’ Room (former) is located east of the Passenger Station Building. It is a rectangular, lowset, timber-framed structure with a gable roof. It is entered via the western side, and has a window in its north elevation that has been enclosed.
\nFeatures of the Guards’ Room (former) of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nFeatures of the Guards’ Room (former) not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nStorage Area (c1931) including ‘Bullring’ and Storeroom
\nThe Storage Area is located between the Passenger Station Building and the Guards’ Room (former) and was originally used as an unloading area. The area is sheltered by a skillion roof and is divided into two sections: the ‘bullring’, and the storeroom. The bullring is a single-volume space, surrounded and defined by buildings, gates and walls. The storeroom is a rectangular, timber-framed structure attached to the eastern elevation of the Passenger Station Building.
\nFeatures of the Storage Area of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nFeatures of the Storage Area not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nMen’s Toilet Block (c1920-1966)
\nThe Men’s Toilet Block is located east of the Passenger Station Building and the Storage Area. It is a rectangular, timber-framed amenities building with a skillion roof. It is entered from the south and includes three cubicles, urinals and sinks. The building has been extended with a storeroom to the east (1979-85, not of state-level cultural heritage significance).
\nFeatures of the Men’s Toilet Block of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nFeatures of the Men’s Toilet Block not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nWeighbridge and Cabin (1963)
\nThe Weighbridge and Cabin stand to the south of the Passenger Station Building. The Weighbridge is part of the railway sidings, and standing immediately south of it is the Cabin, a timber-framed, skillion-roofed structure, facing the Passenger Station Building. Rectangular in plan, its interior features a weighbridge mechanism (now partially dismantled). A large bank of windows on its north elevation provide views of the railway tracks and Platform.
\nFeatures of the Weighbridge and Cabin of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nPedestrian Underpass (early 1950s)
\nThe Pedestrian Underpass is a narrow, arched, concrete tunnel that provides pedestrian access between the Capricorn Highway (Clermont Street) and Sullivan Street, under the railway line.
\nFeatures of the Pedestrian Underpass of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nRailway Lines and Sidings
\nThe Central Railway Line bisects the site, and primarily runs east-west. At the western end of the site, branch lines (1884) run north toward Clermont, and a triangle of sidings (pre-1952) branch to the south.
\nFeatures of the Railway Lines and Sidings of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nFeatures of the Railway Lines and Sidings not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nInspection Pit (1882-83, extended 1900)
\nThe Inspection Pit is located within the triangle of southern sidings, at its northeast corner. It is a long, open pit that runs under a railway track and allows for the maintenance of railway stock. An adjacent, smaller pit is filled-in.
\nFeatures of the Inspection Pit of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nFeatures of the Inspection Pit not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\n\n
Drop Pit Shed (former, also known as Loco Repair Shed, and Wintergarden Shed, 1938)
\nThe Drop Pit Shed forms part of the rolling stock depot at the centre of the triangle of southern sidings. It is flanked on the north and south sides by recent buildings. The metal-framed building has an arched roof, is open-ended on the east and west sides, and is seven bays long. It is bisected internally by a railway siding.
\nFeatures of the Drop Pit Shed of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nFeatures of the Drop Pit Shed not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures Not of State-Level Cultural Heritage Significance
\nFeatures of Emerald Railway Station Complex not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nEmerald Railway Station Complex (opened 1879) forms part of the Central Railway Line from Rockhampton and was the impetus for the establishment of Emerald, a town situated 242km west of Rockhampton in the Central Highlands region. The station complex was constructed over the few years following the establishment of the Central Railway Line, with lines extending to the rich pastoral lands to the west, north and south of Emerald. The station became the centre for the transit of goods and passengers to and from the port town of Rockhampton and played a role as an important regional railway repair depot. In 1901, an earlier timber station building was replaced by the decorative timber station designed by Queensland Railways architect, Henrik Hansen. Associated infrastructure, including platforms, a guards’ room, amenities, a weighbridge, storage areas, and sheds and inspection pits for maintenance and repair of rolling stock were gradually added to the site complex. As a central feature of Emerald’s main street, the station has played an important part in the town’s events. It continues to have a strong presence in the townscape.
\nEmerald forms part of the traditional land of the Kangoulu People.[1] It was first settled by Europeans in the 1860s as large pastoral runs were established in the Central Highlands, including Peter MacDonalds’ ‘Emerald Downs’, from which the town’s name is derived. Following a portion of these runs being opened for selection from 1879, a thriving wool industry was established in the Central West with some of the biggest sheep stations in Australia producing large amounts of wool. This lucrative industry provided employment for many in the shearing sheds and wool scours constructed on and near the stations. Small townships began to appear throughout the district.[2] The construction of the Central Railway from the port town of Rockhampton to the Central West proved a facilitator for this success. The district’s burgeoning agricultural industry also relied on the railway.[3]
\nOriginally known as the Northern Railway, the Central Railway from Rockhampton to the Central West was first approved by the Queensland Government in 1864. It was to be the second railway line constructed in Queensland.[4] This followed lobbying by Rockhampton residents for the construction of a railway line to their hinterland, where copper was being extracted in the Peak Downs area. It was believed that a railway was necessary to ensure the development of the interior. The first length of line was opened to Westwood, approximately 50km from Rockhampton, in 1867.[5]
\nThe founding of the town of Emerald differed from most other 19th-century towns in Queensland, in that settlement was preceded by the coming of the railway. In 1878, prior to the construction of the western extension of the Central Railway, the Railways Department’s surveyor, Willoughby Hannam, surveyed the future site of the township of Emerald and drew plans. It was to be located beside the Nogoa River, providing a reliable source of water for both the town and the railway. In these plans, the railway reserve was dominant on the southern side of the main road (Clermont Street (Capricorn Highway)), with the commercial and residential area located on the northern side.[6] The Central Railway extension from Comet to Emerald was completed in May 1879.[7]
\nEmerald was chosen as a point for branch lines to Clermont (1884) and Springsure (1887) to save building separate lines to each and to enable the main line to be extended due west. In 1877, the Rockhampton Bulletin reported that ‘branch railways are to be carried to Springsure on the south and Clermont on the north. Springsure … is about thirty-eight miles due south of the site chosen for Emerald Downs railway station, while Clermont is about sixty-five miles north westerly’.[8]
\nWith the completion of the line to Emerald, construction of buildings and structures within the railway complex was underway. A small passenger station building, a Railways Department standard design for a timber shelter shed, with frontage to Clermont Street, was completed by the early 1880s.[9] There were also various sheds, a water tank, pumping station, coal stage, sheep yards, rail tracks, sidings (including a turning triangle) and signals erected.[10] The Morning Bulletin reported on the progress being made in the fledgling town of Emerald with ‘the station buildings and offices for extension staff and other officers … in course of erection … The first store at the Emerald township was opened last week … a number of others are in more or less advanced stage of completion’.[11] By 1885, Emerald had become a bustling regional town with several butchers, bakers and stores, a chemist, milliner and five hotels. The railway complex had become the major railhead on the Central Railway at this time due to its confluence of three lines, as well as an important railway depot for the repair and maintenance of trains, their carriages and the line. [12]
\nWith the branch lines to Clermont and Springsure almost complete, and the western extension of the Central Railway progressing, further improvements were made to the railway complex in 1882-83, including the construction of a new engine shed, inspection pit and sidings, repair shop, blacksmiths and a new coal stage to replace the older one. There were also sheep yards.[13] Innovative gas lighting for the time was installed at the station in 1885, ‘besides the lights outside the premises there are three in the Station Masters office, three in the telegraph office, and one in the ladies’ waiting room, and when the whole station is illuminated the effect is brilliant and pleasing’.[14] Unfortunately, one night in March 1892, whilst two staff members were attempting to refill the light’s gasometer (whilst holding a lit kerosene lamp), a large fire broke out and the entire station building was destroyed. The two men and a child (the son of one of the men) were hurt quite badly but recovered.[15] In the same year, a new Fairbank weighbridge was constructed at the station, with tenders being called for the construction of the ‘concrete, brick and stone’ foundation in February.[16]
\nSoon after the fire, a replacement station building was moved to the Emerald Station from the recently closed Fernlees Station.[17] This was, however, an inadequate structure and was described as being ‘too small to swing a cat, being only 25 feet [7.62m] in length and twelve [3.66m] wide’.[18] Although Emerald residents lobbied the Railways Department for a new, commodious station building, this makeshift timber structure served as the station for the remaining part of the 1890s.[19] Further improvements to the complex were made with the construction of a large tank stand close to the engine shed to provide water for the engines in 1893, a carriage shed in 1897 situated east of the passenger station, parallel to Clermont Street, and refreshment rooms in 1896.[20]
\nFinally, in response to Emerald residents’ and the Rockhampton Chamber of Commerce’s appeals, the government approved the construction of a new railway station building in 1900, with an approximate expenditure of £3000.[21] The successful tender was awarded to Thomas Moir, who, at the time was also building several other buildings in Emerald. The new station was designed by Railways Department architect, Henrick Hansen, and was described at the time as ‘a handsome building, with all the up-to-date requirements’.[22] The station was to be ‘200ft. [60.96m] long and 40ft. [12.19m] wide and there will be a platform 500ft. [152.40m] long in front of it …The station will be on the same side of the railway as the building now in use. In the centre there will be a vestibule leading to the platform … on one side of this will be the ticket, telegraph, and parcels office … ladies room … mail room … station master’s office … on the other side of the vestibule will be a bar … dining room … serving room … kitchen’.[23] The new station building, designed in the Victorian Filigree style, with dominant frontage to Clermont Street, opposite the commercial side of the main street, became the focal point of the town.
\nThe architect responsible for the design, Henrick Hansen (1843-1931), was a Danish architect employed by the Queensland Railways Department from the late 1870s until 1904. He designed numerous utilitarian structures and railway stations, of which his five country stations were the most elaborate – each prominently sited pieces of public architecture that announced the railway’s presence in important towns. He was responsible for designing similar railway station buildings for Mount Morgan (1898) (QHR 600752), Archer Park in Rockhampton (1899) (QHR 600777), Cunnamulla (1898) and Winton (1898) and Longreach (1916/17) (QHR 601970).[24] Emerald Railway Station was the largest and most elaborate of these five stations.
\nHansen’s station designs typically included a long and narrow station building, which prominently fronted the street, and provided access via a central vestibule from the street to the railway line at the rear. The street-facing elevations were highly decorative, and featured central entrance porticos that were flanked by verandahs to each side. Ornamentation included the use of decorative cast iron columns, valances and brackets, and decorative friezes. Unlike Hansen’s other station designs that incorporated an imposing curved carriage shade over both the platform and the rails, the station designs at Longreach and Emerald only provided a shade over the platform.[25]
\nThe passenger station building at Emerald was completed by July 1901, with the furnishings for the station made by the Railways Department.[26] Initially, the older station building was temporarily moved to the east of the new 1901 building whilst the new building was constructed. This, however, was removed from the site in 1903.[27] The small timber guards’ room beside the passenger station is likely to be contemporaneous to the passenger station.[28]
\nThe prominent siting of the grand station in the town and the arrival point for visiting dignitaries ensured the station played a central role in Emerald’s civic life. Visiting dignitaries such as the Governor, Sir William MacGregor in 1911, and Catholic Archbishop, James Duhig, in 1931 were welcomed and farewelled at the station.[29] In August 1915, as World War One (WWI) raged, the Queensland Government, in conjunction with the Queensland Recruitment Committee, orchestrated a campaign involving a series of trains that would travel on the state’s major lines and stop at each station in an effort to encourage men to join.[30] The Central Railway’s recruitment train arrived at the Emerald Railway Station on the afternoon of August 17 where it was greeted by an enthusiastic crowd, ‘the train was brilliantly decorated, the engine bearing the royal arms, and posters calling for recruits … at Emerald, another characteristic western welcome was received … when some eight or 10 men volunteered’.[31]
\nIn December 1924, a war memorial was erected outside the front entrance of the station in Clermont Street. In early 1925, it was officially unveiled by Major General Sir Thomas William Glasgow and attended by a large number of Emerald residents. The memorial commemorated the 24 men from the town who were killed in the war.[32] Throughout the years, Anzac Day commemoration ceremonies have been held at the war memorial, all well attended by the town and district’s residents. The Emerald Railway Station played a consistent role as a stately backdrop at the ceremonies.[33] In recent years, the war memorial has been relocated to Anakie Street.[34]
\nIn 1926, the station complex was electrified and an electrical plant constructed.[35] During the Great Depression, the Emerald Railway Station became the centre of a shearers’ strike, when wages were reduced by 10% due to the economic downturn. Shearers employed on stations in the Central West walked off the job in protest in early 1931, and in-turn the government, mindful of the economic importance of the wool industry to the state, recruited several trainloads of shearers from New South Wales and Victoria and railed them up to the Central West shearing stations under heavy police guard in February.[36] On arrival at Emerald, angry strikers attempted to attack the incoming trains at the station, with the incident being reported at the time: ‘This morning at an early hour a big body of strikers at Emerald railway station, attacked the police guards in an attempt to get at a train carrying southern shearers … when it arrived at Emerald a crowd of more than over 400 … was lined up on the platform’.[37] As the threat to the interstate workers heightened, strikers hurled stones and smashed the carriage’s windows; police began firing above their heads. Fleeing the station, the incensed strikers then threw a barrage of stones and fired at the police from the opposite side of Clermont Street. Thankfully, no one was badly injured. Several arrests were made and eventually the train carrying the interstate shearers left the station.[38] The strike ended in April 1931 with the strikers capitulating.[39]
\nA roof was constructed over the ramp between the passenger station building and the guards’ room in 1931, creating an area subsequently used for unloading parcels (known in 2020 as the ‘bull ring’). Further improvements were made to the maintenance area in 1938 when a substantial locomotive repair shed was erected over the drop pit south of the 1880s engine shed. This structure was a bowstring truss shed consisting of material recycled from an earlier 1895 shed (known in 2020 as the Wintergarden shed).[40] The entrance to the passenger station was improved in 1939 with enclosed garden beds placed on both sides of the front steps.[41]
\nIn 1945, after requests were made to the Railways Department by the Emerald Shire Council, improvements to the passenger station building were undertaken to improve the comfort of waiting passengers. A heated general waiting room was introduced and the ladies’ waiting room was shifted to another part of the station building, enabling direct access from the platform. Improvements to the toilet facilities in both the passenger station and the workshops were also carried out at this time.[42] In the early 1950s, a concrete underpass was constructed from Clermont Street to the southern side of the railway tracks, thus enabling improved access to the main street for the railway workers.[43]
\nFurther improvements were made to the station complex in the 1960s, including the construction of a Hawke & Company Ltd. double weighbridge with timber cabin in 1963, to replace the earlier one, opposite the passenger station. Fire damaged the western section of the passenger station building in 1968 and subsequent repairs to the refreshment rooms modernised them. A new entrance to the bar from Clermont Street was also added.[44]
\nIn the 1980s, the refreshment rooms were closed, due to reduced passenger numbers at the station, and offices for the railway station staff were subsequently fitted into the spaces. The 1880s engine shed over the inspection pit was demolished in 1983 and replaced with the current structure. It was also at this time that the platform shade was reduced by one meter away from the railway track. In the 1990s, the 1897 carriage shed was removed.[45] In the 1990s, other structures have been erected in the depot area including an office adjacent to the ‘Wintergarden shed’ (c1991), a diesel servicing shed (1991) and a rolling stock depot store c2007.[46]
\nThe Emerald Railway Station Complex, established in 1876, has played a pivotal part in Emerald and district’s history and has provided employment for hundreds of people over the years.[47] With the expansion of coal-mining in the Bowen Basin from the 1970s, Emerald became the dormitory town for employees of the mines, and consequently has grown and prospered. The railway station remains one of the most prominent buildings in the town.
","criteria":"The Emerald Railway Station Complex, established in 1879, as a major railhead on the Central Railway line, is important in demonstrating the evolution of the railway network in Queensland. The station was vital to the movement of goods and passengers to and from the Central West to the port of Rockhampton, and facilitated the success of Queensland’s lucrative wool industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As a railway repair and maintenance depot from the 1870s to the 1970s, it played an important role as a major employer in the Emerald district for a century.
|Emerald Railway Station Complex is an important and intact example of a regional railway complex from the turn of the 20th century in Queensland. The complex demonstrates the principal characteristics of its type including: a prominent passenger station building with adjacent platform and platform shade; guards’ room; weighbridge and associated cabin; toilet facilities; storage areas; sheds and inspection pits for maintenance and repair of rolling stock; railway lines and sidings; and the facilitation of safe pedestrian access across railway lines (in this case, an underpass).
\nThe Passenger Station Building (1901) is a fine and distinctive example of the work of architect Henrik Hansen (1843-1931), who made an important contribution to the design of Queensland railway buildings during his employment with the Queensland Railways Department from 1877 to 1904. Externally intact and retaining a high degree of integrity, the Passenger Station Building demonstrates the principal characteristics of Hansen’s railway station designs, which include: a long, narrow timber station building prominently fronting the street; a decorative street elevation incorporating a projecting central entrance portico with verandahs to either side; a central vestibule providing access from the street to the railway tracks at the rear; a curved platform shade; and the use of decorative cast metal columns, valances and brackets, and decorative friezes.
|The Passenger Station Building has aesthetic importance for its beautiful attributes and streetscape contribution. Featuring a well-proportioned and symmetrical form, enhanced by a projecting entrance portico and end pavilions, the building’s intact exterior demonstrates architectural design quality. The fine composition is enriched by a complementary material palate of timber and cast metal, and the use of ornamental filigree details.
\nVisually distinctive and prominently fronting Clermont Street (Capricorn Highway), the building makes an important contribution to the townscape of Emerald, and shares a similar scale to its setting of commercial buildings opposite. Through its form, scale and design, the place is a focal point in views from Clermont Street and is a landmark of Emerald.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion D | Criterion E","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place is important because of its aesthetic significance"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":16988,"place_ref":602167,"name":"Lilyvale Stand Monument","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Lilyvale Road","suburb":"CAPELLA","lga":"CENTRAL HIGHLANDS REGIONAL COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2004-04-02","description":"The Lilyvale Stand Monument is a wall addressing both the Lilyvale Road [Gregory Mine Road] to the north and Kestral Coal Access Mine Road to the east.
The wall is approximately six metres along both the northern and eastern sides. It is approximately 1.2 metres high and one metre wide.
The wall is constructed predominantly of large stone blocks concreted together, with a large face stone, placed at the intersection of the wall lengths, addressing the Gregory Mine Road. The face stone contains spaces for four plaques [Currently, all four plaques are missing, however new plaques have been prepared and will be affixed to the wall in the near future]. Some pieces of petrified timber have also been used in the construction of the wall.
The Lilyvale Stand Monument is situated approximately three kilometres away from the Kestral coal mine.
","history":"The Lilyvale Stand Monument was constructed in 1998 by a group of dismissed mine workers from the Gordonstone Coal Mine [later renamed by Rio Tinto to Kestral Coal Pty Ltd]. Following their dismissal, the mine workers commenced a protest line in early October 1997, which was to continue for 22 months, until August 1999, becoming Australia's longest running black coal dispute.
The Gordonstone Coal Mine, an underground coal mine located approximately 62 kilometres north-east of Emerald, commenced operations in 1992. The life of the mine was thought to be circa 25 years, with the project being undertaken as a joint venture by ARCO, an American oil company; Mitsui a Japanese coal trader and, Australian company, MLC. ARCO was the senior partner with 80% ownership. At the time, over $500 million was invested in the project. By 1996-97, total raw coal produced at Gordonstone Coal Mine was 4.4 million tonnes, breaking world production records for an underground coal mine.
Shortly after the Federal Workplace Relations Act became law in mid-1997, 312 miner workers at the Gordonstone Coal Mine were dismissed, as the miners were not interested in accepting the company's direction that mine workers surrender conditions in their certified Enterprise Bargaining Agreement [EBA]. The 312 mine workers, members of the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union [CFMEU], resisted the company's attempts for them to agree to new terms, considering them unacceptable. The new agreements were products of the Federal Workplace Relations Act of 1996, which established Australian Workplace Agreements as individual contracts between employer and employee instead of collective bargaining through Enterprise Bargaining Agreements. Considerable industrial trouble has resulted from enforcement of this provision.
By September 1997, two employees had accepted individual contracts, with the other 310 opting to remain with the EBA. With negotiations faltering, ARCO made the decision, on 1 October 1997, to retrench the entire production and engineering workforce of 312 employees. The mine workers subsequently set up a protest line on 6 October 1997. The protestors continued a 24 hours a day, 7 days a week protest that was to last for 22 months, becoming Australia's longest black coal industry dispute.
ARCO had kept on a management team of over 100 and commenced recruiting a new workforce. The Australian Industrial Relations Commission [AIRC] ordered that the company give preference to former workers. The company refused to reopen the mine on those terms. The Gordonstone Coal Mine sat idle and in February 1998, the AIRC found that the dismissals had been unfair and ordered ARCO to pay compensation. The workers were awarded Australia's largest unfair dismissal ruling, leading to a payout of $4.6 million to 282 of the retrenched employees who brought applications to the AIRC.
In October 1998, companies wholly owned by Rio Tinto Limited negotiated to purchase the mine. The intention of Rio Tinto was to recommence mining operations utilising a new workforce not connected to the CFMEU. The CFMEU argued that Rio Tinto should re-engage the entire workforce that had previously been dismissed by ARCO, with proceedings commencing in the AIRC to obtain such a result. Rio Tinto claimed that the dispute was one between the CFMEU and Gordonstone Coal Management Pty Ltd, and that it was not involved. The ruling was made that Rio Tinto should be made a party to proceedings.
In the meantime, the protest line continued. When Rio Tinto Limited acquired the mine, the numbers on the protest line increased. It was during protracted legal actions that the members of the protest line decided that a reminder of its struggle was in order and set about designing and building a monument. The construction of the monument also served to assist the protestors in overcoming what was increasingly a frustrating and tedious daily existence as the legal battle associated with the retrenchments was being carried out in the AIRC and the Federal and High Courts. Members of the protest line gathered the materials for the monument, including stones and petrified wood, from the surrounding area. Concrete required for mortar was donated to the protest group.
Construction of the wall took approximately four months and was completed by November 1998. A ceremony to bless it was organised, to be followed by a day rally in Emerald. Initially, the local Roman Catholic priest was approached to undertake the blessing, however, he declined as the congregation was divided in its opinion over the Gordonstone mine issue. Eventually, the Captain of the Salvation Army, Steven Metcher, agreed to perform the blessing.
The Salvation Army, particularly Captain Metcher, had over the previous year, assisted with the counselling of many families who had been affected by events at the mine. The wall was officially blessed on 22 November 1998 with speeches being made by representatives of workers throughout Australia.
With the contract of purchase completed on 10 February 1999, Rio Tinto took over the control of the mine and immediately reopen it using a 'scab' workforce [the derogatory term given to a person or employee willing to cross a picket line]. This action aggravated the protest line and through the assistance of families, friends and associated groups and Unions, the numbers on the Lilyvale Stand [as it became known] increased once again. The protest line attempted to stop the non-union workforce entering or leaving the mine site - resulting in over 280 people being arrested over the next four months, including Labor MP, Jim Pearce, a former coal miner.
On 10 August 1999, the members of the Lilyvale Stand decided to remove the picket line, following a Supreme Court injunction preventing the protesters from stopping workers entering or leaving the mine, which had been renamed by Rio Tinto from Gordonstone Coal Mine to Kestral Coal Pty Ltd.
It is estimated that over 5000 people, including mine workers from Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory, visited the picket line throughout the 22 month protest.
","criteria":"The Lilyvale Stand Monument, constructed in 1998, is significant as a physical reminder of Australia's longest running dispute in the black coal industry with a protest line that continued uninterrupted for a total of 22 months, from October 1997 until August 1999. It demonstrates the pattern of Queensland's industrial history whereby Unions and workers resist the implementation of industrial legislation which they consider unfavourable to them.
|The Lilyvale Stand Monument is also significant as it was constructed during the days of the protest line by members of the Lilyvale Stand, from materials obtained from the general area, rather than as a retrospective tribute to the protest line members. Strike memorials are uncommon in Queensland and those built on site during the dispute are particularly rare.
|The Lilyvale Stand Monument is significant for its strong social significance, particularly for its association with the workers from the Gordonstone Coal Mine, the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union, and the families, friends and supporters of the mine workers who constructed it, as a representation of their determination to fight a retrenchment decision that the Australian Industrial Relations Commission later ruled to be a case of unfair dismissal.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":17003,"place_ref":602184,"name":"Tieri War Memorial","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Talagai Avenue","suburb":"TIERI","lga":"CENTRAL HIGHLANDS REGIONAL COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2001-06-29","description":"The Tieri War Memorial comprises two large pieces of petrified wood. One piece is dedicated as a memorial to those who fought in World Wars One and Two and the second piece is dedicated as a memorial to those who served in the Vietnam War, including a brass plaque dedicated to the memory of Cliff ['Cliffy'] Bond, who served in Vietnam, Malaya and Borneo.
The petrified pieces are partly enclosed on one side by a low brick wall. A number of plaques are located on the wall. One plaque commemorates those from the Peak Downs area who served in World Wars One and Two. A second plaque commemorates the tracker dogs of the Vietnam War, [including the names of the eleven dogs] and a third plaque commemorates VJ Day.
A group of pencil pines create an avenue toward the memorial and a number of Gallipoli pines are located to the rear of the structure. Flag poles are also located to the rear of the memorial.
","history":"The Tieri War Memorial was constructed in 1984 in memory of those servicemen and women from the Peak Downs area who served in a number of conflicts, but especially as a memorial to those who served in the Vietnam War.
The construction of the memorial came about when two Vietnam Veterans met in Capella on ANZAC Day in 1983. Each one was not aware that the other had served in Vietnam as they were not wearing their medals. This was due to the public feeling connected with the Vietnam War at the time. By the end of that day, however, the two had decided to hold the next ANZAC Day celebrations in Tieri.
It took several months to decide on an appropriate memorial which could be placed in the town. During the year, one of the Veterans located a large petrified tree and a piece of this was brought into the town and set up in the shopping centre. Following ANZAC Day celebrations in 1984 it was decided that the shopping centre was not an suitable location for the memorial.
With assistance from Mount Isa Mines Limited, who provided the site and paid for the construction, the Tieri War Memorial was completed. Since its construction, many returned servicemen and women have visited the memorial, particularly to commemorate ANZAC Day [25 April] and Long Tan Day [18 August].
","criteria":"War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state.
|The memorial at Tieri demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the appropriate use of various elements, particularly commemorative plaques and trees, as well as the more unusual use of petrified wood.
|The Tieri War Memorial is especially significant for its strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of major historic events and as the focal point for the remembrance of those events, particularly as a memorial to those who served in the Vietnam War.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion D | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":29257,"place_ref":602661,"name":"Tomahawk Creek Huts","alternate_name":null,"street_address":null,"suburb":"RUBYVALE","lga":"CENTRAL HIGHLANDS REGIONAL COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2008-10-16","description":"Tomahawk Creek is an area of about 2340 hectares of undulating bushland, reached at 17 km on an unsealed road, the Reklaw Park track, which leaves the Clermont Road 27 km from Rubyvale. Tomahawk Creek forms the north-western boundary. Mount Hoy is a prominent basalt peak in the south-western area. When the sign-posted entrance is reached a number of tracks run through the area, but the main one runs roughly parallel to Hut Creek where most huts are located.
There were 21 huts in the area in 2006, five of which are now abandoned, ranging from five to 50 years old. Most were built around caravans with canvas annexes and roofs and walls of galvanised iron, supported by poles of bush timber, tied with wire, and recycled materials. Some are partly built of 'billy boulders', especially the lower walls and outdoor barbecues. Open areas provide ventilation and cooling, with some innovative solutions to the summer heat. Three of the huts within the nominated boundary area are within about 250 metres of each other.
A stone hut known as The Lodge, on lot 17, is the most substantial building in the area. It is 12-sided, a dodecahedron. The walls are made of 'billy boulders', above which are horizontal logs between windows of various types using recycled materials. Around the base are air vents made from barrels with caps which can be opened to the exterior. Further ventilation is provided through the roof with slats of galvanised iron which can be opened from the inside, around the water tank that sits on the top of the roof, supported by a central pole. The roof is of galvanised iron. The hut has an electricity generator and a solar panel which charges 24 and 12 volt batteries. Inside is a wooden stove, its fireplace made from a fly wheel, and a conventional wood burning fuel stove. Similar to other huts in the area, any internal divisions are made of insubstantial materials, of hessian, scrap timber and iron.
An A-frame building, known as 'Camp David ' on Crystal Hill, on lot 8, was built off-site and re-erected in Easter 1984. It measures approximately 9m. in length, 6m. in width and is 6m. high at its apex. A Trimdeck roof is supported by steel struts. It has a mezzanine sleeping area and a staircase. The floor is laid with brick pavers. Power is provided by a generator. The front wall, facing east, is made of pieces of coloured glass held in place by aluminium strips.
A hut built largely of 'billy boulders' and bottles occupies lot 4. Three caravans are on the site and incorporated as annexes to the hut.
A hut known as 'Tomahawk Heights' occupies lot 9. Building began after 1969 where the occupant had previously camped. The walls are largely of 'billy boulders' but it contains the remnants of a previous building. Power is provided by a solar panel and batteries. It has a stone fireplace and barbecue.
","history":"Tomahawk Creek Fossicking Area, about 25 kilometres west of Rubyvale, north-west of Emerald, is the most remote part of the Central Queensland Gemfields. It is about 2340 hectares in area, excised from a Grazing Homestead Perpetual Lease. The first huts were built in the 1960s on mining claims or under Miner's Right but in 1986 under the Mining (Fossicking) Act 1985 the area was designated a fossicking area and the huts made illegal and their residents squatters.
Fossicking areas are areas where the government has negotiated access for fossickers in advance and no commercial mining is allowed. On designated fossicking lands the government has negotiated the land owners' permission in advance but some commercial mining under the appropriate legislation may occur. There are 11 designated fossicking areas in Queensland, five of them in Central Queensland, where camping with a permit for a maximum period of three months is allowed. No camping is permitted on the fossicking areas in south-east and north Queensland and there are no known huts in these areas. On the fossicking lands in western and south-west Queensland, out from Winton and Quilpie, camping with a permit is allowed for periods up to three months. There are also 'general permission areas' where special conditions may apply, including Swipers Gully fossicking area near Stanthorpe, where camping is not permitted. .
Houses and huts in the several townships on The Gemfields, but not at Tomahawk Creek, are now on regular titles and provided with town facilities. Tomahawk Creek is the largest fossicking area in the Gemfields.
The first sapphires were found on The Central Queensland Gemfields in 1870 and attracted hand miners. Archibald John Richardson, Government Surveyor and his partner Frank Fisher, erected a treatment plant but profit eluded them. In the 1890s interest from the nobility of Tsarist Russia and from German buyers stimulated the market for sapphires and a period of prosperity ensued, but these markets were lost with the onset of World War I and the Russian Revolution. Government assistance to the market kept miners on the field, with limited recovery in the 1940s. Through the years gemstone miners have lived in tents, and built huts of tin and poles, recycled materials and caravans. Small townships grew at Anakie, Sapphire, Rubyvale and The Willows.
In the 1960s the price of gems increased and more tourists and gem collectors worked the fields. In 1965 machine mining began, with the first use of a bulldozer on the Gemfields. Thai buyers began visiting the fields in 1971 and output increased as heavy machinery mining became dominant, in competition and conflict with hand miners for whom some richer areas were reserved. In the late 1970s activity slowed but a core of machinery miners and hand miners remained. The Gemfields become a popular holiday destination for campers and caravanners during the cooler months.
Fossicking at Tomahawk Creek was active in the late 1960s, when the earliest extant huts were built, on occupation under Mining Claims, Leases and Permits to Occupy. Most occupants stayed during winter and holiday periods; there were 13 non-permanent huts and six permanent huts in January 2007. Most of the huts began as caravans to which annexes and lean-tos were added, with walls and roofs of galvanised iron and 'billy boulders' (large irregular-shaped stones of had siliceous material) and other light materials, on frames of poles. Toilets and showers usually were built some metres distant from the hut.
Designated as a fossicking area, and remote from the townships, Tomahawk Creek has not been machine mined but has been explored and mined by hand miners and tourists. The last Mining Claim expired about 1991, when two occupants applied for Permits to Occupy. There is no legal tenure of the other huts.
The hut known as Tomahawk Heights is on lot 9. It is a structure basically of galvanised iron, built after 1969 on a former camp site. There are four occasional occupants.
The most substantial hut in the area was built before 1984 on lot 17 by Hans and Eva Hendrickson who used a section as a shop. Known as The Lodge, it is now occupied as a holiday place.
An A-frame hut known as Camp David was built at Mackay, transported to Tomahawk Creek and re-erected in Easter 1981, on Crystal Hill on lot 8. The front wall is made of coloured glass.
A hut of 'billy boulders' and bottles, with three caravans, occupies lot 4. Its former permanent occupant (in April 2008) was relocating to a township.
The regular occupants of these huts function as a community, meeting regularly and sharing services such as shopping trips and medical visits to the towns. They have a strong sense of ownership of the place and its huts, and residents care for huts when their 'owners' are absent.
","criteria":"The huts at Tomahawk Creek are important as part of the evolution of Queensland's history and particularly of the Central Region Gemfields. They illustrate a way of life associated with fossicking with minimal technology and building with recycled materials.
The huts date from the 1960s with additions made in the 1980s.
|Tomahawk Creek illustrates a way of life that has become endangered as land use that once was common has been regulated, and the solutions evident in the huts for living in difficult hot, dry climates have become rare.
Camping is confined under the Fossicking Act and Regulations to fossicking areas in Central Queensland and to three fossicking areas in remote western and south-west Queensland, for periods up to three months.
State government abolition of the Miner's Right on fossicking areas has resulted in a decrease in the occurrence of huts similar to those at Tomahawk Creek, and they are now rare and possibly the only survivors of an endangered tradition.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":null,"place_ref":650094,"name":"Rewan Police Horse Breeding Station (former)","alternate_name":"Rewan Horse Breeding Station (former) | Rewan Police Horse Stud (former) | Rewan Remount Breeding Station (former) | Rewan Station","street_address":"Rewan Road","suburb":"REWAN","lga":"CENTRAL HIGHLANDS REGIONAL COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2019-05-31","description":"Rewan Police Horse Breeding Station (former) is located approximately 64km southwest of the Central Queensland town of Rolleston. Positioned on a rise, on the north bank of a creek bend, the station complex is accessed via Rewan Road to the east. It retains three timber-framed buildings that are associated with the occupation and operation of the early 20th century police station and horse stud.
\nThe features of state-level cultural heritage significance of the station complex are:
\nStanding in their original locations, the buildings are oriented facing northeast and are roughly aligned along a northeast to southwest axis: the Commissioner’s Cottage, facing and visible from Rewan Road; the former Meat House approximately 20m to the rear of the Cottage; and the former Stables approximately 35m further to the southwest.
\nCommissioner’s Cottage and its fenced garden (1911, extended post-1932)
\nThe Cottage is a lowset, timber-framed and -clad building comprising an original (1911) gable-roofed core. It has a later (post-1932) skillion-roofed extension to the rear (southwest), which is not of state-level cultural heritage significance.
\nThe core is rectangular in plan and has an L-shaped verandah wrapping the front (northeast) and side (northwest, part former bathroom). The skillion verandah roof is set below and at a shallower pitch to the gable. The core contains one room, but retains evidence of its original two-bedroom layout in the form of the top-rail of the (former) dividing partition and separate doorways accessing the front verandah. A window and doorway opening are also retained in the rear (southwest) wall.
\nA garden occupies the area at the front of the Cottage; it retains garden beds with stone edging and is fenced on part of its original alignment (parallel with the Cottage front and a return at the northwest end).
\nFeatures also of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures not of state-level cultural significance of the Cottage are:
\n
Former Meat House (1918)
The Meat House is a lowset, timber-framed and -clad building with a pyramid roof. Square in plan, it comprises a one-room core (former butchering room), surrounded by overhanging eaves supported on rough-hewn, round timber posts.
\nThe core has a thin concrete slab floor on a raised platform of earth and undressed stone. It is accessed by a single door and has high-level screened openings for ventilation on all sides.
\nFeatures also of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures not of state-level cultural significance of the Meat House are:
\nFormer Stables (1911)
\nThe former Stables is a long, narrow, lowset, timber-framed building with a skillion roof that slopes down to the long-sided front (northeast). It is one 13ft (4m) stall in width and enclosed on the southeast, southwest and northwest sides.
\nTwo enclosed rooms (former stallion stall and feed room) are at the southeast end of the building; an open-plan area (former open-fronted dray shed and three partitioned stalls with post-and-rail fronts) is at the centre; and two partially enclosed rooms (former enclosed buggy shed and stallion stall) are at the northwest end.
\nThe intactness of the building reflects its continued use as part of a working pastoral property, with sections of original timber slab and post-and-rail construction deteriorated, demolished or replaced.
\nOriginal and early fabric is concentrated at the southeast and northwest ends, and includes horizontal timber slab walls and framing, and earth and timber (former feed and buggy rooms) flooring.
\nFeatures also of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
\nFeatures not of state-level cultural significance of the Stables are:
\n
Features not of state-level cultural heritage significance
All other buildings, structures, and features on the site are not of state level cultural heritage significance, including:
\nRewan Police Horse Breeding Station (former), located approximately 64km southwest of the town of Rolleston in the Springsure district of Central Queensland, was established as a police horse stud in 1909. Comprising 108,000 acres (43,706ha) at its largest, the reserve was home to up to 771 horses and up to 2850 cattle until its closure in 1934.[1] It retains former Stables (1911), the former Commissioner’s Cottage (1911) and a Meat House (1918) from its stud era. Rewan Police Horse Breeding Station (former) is the only remaining former police horse stud in Queensland. It is important in demonstrating the Queensland Government’s policy of breeding horses, which were essential as transport, for the Queensland Police Force between 1904 and 1934. It has a special association with the Queensland Police Force, an important organisation in Queensland history.
\nA police presence in the geographical area that became the Colony of Queensland began in 1843, not long after free settlement commenced in the Moreton Bay region. The Police Act 1863 created a centralised system under a Commissioner of Police, who controlled the Queensland Police Force (QPF) and the Native Police. The commissioner headed a hierarchy of inspectors and sub-inspectors who were in charge of sergeants and constables working in police districts throughout Queensland.[2]
\nUntil the mid-20th century, horses were essential equipment for the QPF. From 1864 the care of police horses was regulated and any town with a police station also had a police horse paddock. The QPF also supplied horses for ceremonial occasions, such as the 1901 proclamation of the Commonwealth, the visit of Imperial troops in 1901 and the arrival of the Duke and Duchess of York in 1927; as well as for the Royal National Association show in Brisbane. Horses were purchased for the QPF by the commissioner or by inspectors for their own districts. The care and replacement of police mounts was a significant part of the police budget each year.[3]
\nSeveral factors provided the impetus for the Queensland Police Department to begin a horse breeding program. By 1904, Commissioner of Police, William Edward Parry-Okeden (Commissioner 1895-1905), was urging that the QPF breed its own horses to overcome the high cost of purchasing suitable ones. A good horse cost between £7 and £10. These horses were scarce due to stock losses during the Federation Drought (1898-1902); demand for horses during the Boer War (1899-1902); and because agents of the Indian, Japanese, Dutch and American armies were competing in the Australian market for remounts. Meanwhile, the QPF’s need for horses remained high, as a significant proportion of its horses were old and needed replacing. The QPF in 1904 numbered 888 men including trackers, and over 1000 horses.[4]
\nIn 1904, the QPF commenced breeding remounts for its mounted police at Woodford, 79km north of Brisbane, using a 2130 acre (863ha) Reserve for a Police Paddock (formerly part of Durundur Station). Stallions were hired for stud work at Woodford between 1904 and 1908 for between £20 and £30 per stallion per year. Costs were kept down by growing feed on-site.[5]
\nWhen the Department of Public Lands wished to dispose of the reserve as Agricultural Farms and Perpetual Lease Selections, the QPF, under Commissioner William Geoffrey Cahill (Commissioner 1905-16), decided it would continue to breed its own remounts.[6] Efforts to secure another, larger site near Brisbane were unsuccessful, but a suitable location in Central Queensland was found.[7] In 1908, the Commissioner of Police announced he had obtained ‘a very fine reserve at Carnarvon (named ‘Rewan’) of 78,000 acres [31565ha], resumed from the Consuelo leasehold for the purpose of breeding police remounts’. Rewan Station, situated about 160 miles (257km) north of Roma and 95 miles (153km) south of Springsure, the nearest railway station, was proclaimed as a ‘reserve for stud farm for breeding police horses’ in April 1909. Additionally, Rewan was to operate as a police station, conducting patrols in the district.[8]
\nThe nearest town to Rewan was Rolleston, established in 1862, at the crossing point on the Brown (later Comet) River that teamsters used when travelling between inland districts and Rockhampton. The town site was surveyed in 1865 and later named after Christopher Rolleston (1817-88), a local landholder.[9] A branch railway line to Springsure opened from Emerald in August 1887, improving transport to the district.[10] In the first two decades of the 20th century, the large pastoral leases in the Springsure district (within Bauhinia Shire from 1902) were resumed for closer settlement.[11]
\nRewan Police Horse Breeding Station commenced in mid-1909 when the Woodford horses, together with all available mares owned by the QPF in the various police districts, were transferred there. These totalled 76 mares, 37 geldings and 24 foals. Three stallions were purchased: ‘Mack’ (£215), ‘Libertine’ (£157/10) and ‘Bonny Boy’ (£63). Another 35 mares were purchased from Jimbour and Salisbury Plains Stations, and breeding operations commenced in the 1909 breeding season.[12]
\nAt the time of the QPF’s takeover of Rewan in mid-1909, some improvements were already on site. These included a 5-room, iron-bark slab stockman’s hut, suffering from white ant attack, and other out-house buildings, which were ‘rough and not considered of any value and should be pulled down’.[13] A good stockyard was sited on a sand ridge behind the stockman’s hut, which after repair would meet the stud’s requirements for some years. Fencing consisted of about 25 miles (40km) of outer boundaries and two horse paddocks, which were in a poor state of repair.[14]
\nRequirements to make it habitable and functional were: accommodation for staff, animals and equipment; a telephone connection for the property to function as a police station; and boundary fencing. The work was undertaken by the police constables, who cut the trees, pit-sawed the timber, and erected the buildings.[15] By the end of 1909, mustering yards had been erected and fencing had commenced. By December 1910, the existing slab stockman’s hut had been repaired for constables’ quarters, and a house with detached kitchen was erected for use by Acting Sergeant John Joseph Campbell, who was in charge of the stud and the remount breeding program.[16]
\nStables were erected about 100 yards (91.4m) behind the Sergeant’s Quarters. The building was 78ft x 13ft (12.8m x 4m), with a skillion roof of iron, with guttering to its front. The frame was sawn timber, with dressed split slabs for its walls and partitions. The Stables were divided into two stalls for stallions 14ft x 13ft (4.3m x 4m), one at each end of the building; a forage room 10ft x 13ft (3m x 4m); a buggy shed; a dray shed; and three stalls each 8ft x 13ft (2.4m x 4m). The buggy shed was enclosed by two hardwood doors. Immediately in front of the two stallion stalls were two substantial yards.[17]
\nA windmill was erected near Carnarvon Creek, where there was a good quantity of water, about 200 yards (182.9m) from the Sergeant’s Quarters. Water was pumped into a 2000 gallon galvanised iron tank erected behind these quarters, on a stand 9 ft (2.7m) high. Pipes from this tank lead to the Sergeant’s Quarters and both stallion stalls.[18] A Meat House, for meat processing, was also erected, as an essential component of the station.
\nThe accommodation for the two to four Aboriginal Queensland Police Force trackers employed on Rewan between 1909 and 1934 was inferior to that provided for other staff. An image from c1909-17 of one residence shows a dirt-floored, slab-walled and bark-roofed hut, with boughs and rocks used to hold the roof in place.[19] Their accommodation in 1920 was described as ‘big, comfortable and waterproof huts’.[20] The trackers on Rewan are known to have undertaken horse- and cattle-related duties, and fence- and yard-building. Elsewhere in Queensland, trackers performed kitchen duties, cared for horses, checked fences and looked for trespassing stock.[21]
By early 1911, a second dwelling had been constructed southeast of the Sergeant’s Quarters, to accommodate the Commissioner of Police and other government officials when they inspected the property. Initially it was called the Commissioner’s Cottage, but was later referred to as the Officers’ Quarters. This timber-framed and -clad building with verandahs to its north and west elevations, had a corrugated metal roof with acroteria, and post-and-rail verandah balustrades. [22] As it was intended for periodic short-term use by official visitors, it comprised only two bedrooms and a bathroom. By the end of April 1911, the Sergeant’s Quarters and the Commissioner’s Cottage, along with well-tended gardens to the front, had been fenced in with 124ft (37.8m) of painted picket fence, including two wicket gates and two large double gates, at the front and the back of the buildings; as well as 369ft (112.5m) of split paling fence.[23]
Periodic visits by officers of the QPF and the Home Department, and dignitaries took place.[24] The first occurred in April 1911, when Chief Inspector Frederic Urquhart reported excellent progress had been made in building, fencing, clearing and ring-barking on Rewan. As intended, Rewan also served as a police station and patrols were being made.[25] Urquhart recommended doubling the herd of cows and adding 50 mares and another stallion before August 1911, and further fencing.[26]
\nAdditions were subsequently made to the stud. Horse numbers rose to 331 by 31 July 1911, then to 400 by 31 July 1912. In 1913, the thoroughbred stallion ‘Turkish Lad’ was purchased at the National Exhibition in Brisbane and sent with 12 mares to Rewan, and two further mares were purchased from Eulolo and Roxborough Downs Stations. By 1914, the number of stud mares had reached 215.[27]
\nRewan-bred horses were first supplied to the mounted police in 1912, when 69 trained remounts were provided. The Commissioner of Police reported that in the 1912-13 financial year the cost of purchasing horses for the department had decreased by £500, and he expected Rewan would produce well-bred horses in fair numbers in the future.[28] In 1913 there was praise for the 20 Woodford- and Rewan-bred horses sent to Brisbane for use in escort work in the metropolitan area.[29] In June that year, 17 horses from Rewan were also despatched to Longreach.[30]
\nFarming activities commenced on Rewan in 1913. In June, a new timber shed stored its crop of pumpkins. Farm implements were sent there, to enable ploughing of 13 or 14 acres (5.7ha) of land for lucerne and other crops, including oats.[31]
\nHowever, during 1915 and 1916, environmental factors hampered Rewan’s development. Drought halted agriculture and reduced foal numbers, while dingoes killed calves.[32] Flooding late in 1916, which destroyed three tons of panicum hay at Rewan, ended the drought.[33]
\nAfterwards, the stud resumed its breeding success. During 1916, 56 remounts were allocated for duty, valued at £840.[34] In the 1916-17 financial year, 70 remounts were sent out for duty to various districts (value £1050), and there were 669 horses on Rewan Station.[35]
\nIn July 1916, the Home Secretary, the Hon. John Saunders Huxham; John Christian Peterson, MLA; and the Under Secretary of the Home Office, William J Gall, inspected Rewan Station and requested a report on improvements required to make the property viable, and their approximate cost.[36] Subsequently, the addition of cattle and a stallion to Rewan’s stock was approved, resulting in the purchase of the stallion ‘Lord Elderslie’, for £156.10, in May 1917.[37]
\nImprovements to Rewan buildings, approved in September 1916, were carried out by the Department of Public Works during 1918, using timber sourced from Meteor Downs. The buildings included a new Meat House, erected at a cost of £150. It was constructed with its door in a location that differed from its DPW plan.[38]
\nThe 1920s were filled with praise for Rewan’s horses. During his Queensland visit in 1920, Edward, Prince of Wales requested to see the world-famous Queensland troopers and their mounts. He congratulated the Commissioner of Police (Frederic Charles Urquhart, Commissioner 1917-21), Inspector Carroll, and Sub-Inspector Campbell, who supervised the police stud, saying he much admired the horses.[39]
\nOfficial inspections continued in May 1921 when the Home Secretary, William McCormack, accompanied by J C Peterson, MLA for Normanby, and W H Gall, the Under Secretary of the Home Department, visited the Central district and spent two days inspecting Rewan. At this time there were about 600 horses and 1300 Shorthorn beef cattle on the property.[40] In October of the same year, the new Commissioner of Police, Patrick Short (Commissioner 1921-25), also inspected Rewan Station.[41] During 1921, 112 horses were sent from Rewan to various districts as remounts, the highest number provided in one year during its lifetime.[42]
\nImprovements to the stud in the 1920s included reroofing the hay shed and additional stables with second-hand, galvanised iron (1922) and the addition of 30,000 acres of leasehold land from Consuelo Holding, north of Rewan (1922).[43]
\nWhile Rewan concentrated on providing remounts for the mounted police, the motorisation of Queensland and the wider world was progressing rapidly. The QPF was failing to keep up, largely due to budget constraints. Successive Commissioners had tried to provide more modern transport. In 1896 Commissioner Parry-Okeden introduced bicycles for patrols, which were slowly distributed around the colony. However, at a cost of about £13/bike, they were more expensive than horses. Bicycle numbers reached 96 in 1914, but many were old and worn out and funds were not available to replace them or increase their numbers.[44]
\nBetween 1917 and 1924, Commissioner Urquhart advocated the introduction of motor cycles to supplement bicycles in country districts and requested 50, but realised the expense prohibited their purchase.[45] Finally, in 1925 three motor cycles with side cars and 21 new bicycles were acquired, mainly for use in the metropolitan area. Motor cars for the police headquarters were hired as needed.[46] Increasingly, police used their private vehicles at work.[47]
\nBy 30 June 1926, police horse numbers had fallen to 758 and the Commissioner of Police stated: ‘It is obvious that motor vehicles are filling calls that were formerly met by horses...’.[48] The QPF purchased two motor vans to transport prisoners in 1926 and by 30 June 1929, 12 motor cycles were in use.[49] However, it was not until after Cecil James Carroll was appointed Commissioner of Police (1934-49), that motorisation of the QPF proceeded rapidly.[50]
\nEnvironmental threats made the latter years of the 1920s difficult for Rewan Station. Successive drought between 1926 and 1932 affected the breeding, breaking and handling of horses, and delayed distribution of remounts in 1927.[51] In November 1929, fire threatened Rewan from the north and west for over three weeks and required about 18 men to subdue it.[52]
\nNew stock was added to Rewan’s stud in the late 1920s and praise continued for its horses, although QPF horse numbers continued to fall, reaching 616 on 1 July 1929. Notably, in August 1929, the well-known racehorse and sire, ‘Had-I-Wist’, grandson of the 1890 Melbourne Cup winner ‘Carbine’, was presented to the State Government by the Commonwealth authorities and sent to Rewan Station as a stud horse.[53]
\nPraise for Rewan horses continued to be received in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1927, ‘The Duke and Duchess of York expressed very high appreciation of the police horses which formed part of their escorts, and members of their party also commended the remounts, stressing their ‘symmetry and tractability’.[54] The Governor General of Australia and the Governor of Queensland, Sir John Goodwin, also ‘praised the class of remounts forming the escorts’.[55] In 1929, the Governor inspected ‘Had-I-Wist’ and about 16 police horses bred at Rewan at the Petrie Terrace police depot and expressed his satisfaction with the quality and appearance of the horses.[56] In 1932, Governor Sir Leslie Wilson and his daughter were enthusiastic about 13 Rewan-bred police horses paraded at the Petrie Terrace depot.[57]
\nDespite such praise, from 1929, members of the Queensland Parliament, the Queensland Police Union and Queensland newspapers criticised Rewan Station and the police horse breeding program. In the Queensland Parliament in 1929, the Home Secretary, J C Peterson (1929-32) was questioned by Thomas Alberto Dunlop, (Independent, Rockhampton), about the high cost of salaries and allowances, and forage for horses at Rewan Station.[58] In 1930, Arthur Jones (Labor, Burke) questioned the Home Secretary about the annual cost of running Rewan Station and its total cost since establishment.[59]
\nFrom 1930 to 1933, the Queensland Police Union conducted a concerted campaign against the Rewan stud and in support of motorisation of the QPF.[60] Queensland newspapers quoted Queensland Police Union Journal articles stating that police thought Rewan Station was a ‘white-elephant’.[61] The Telegraph advised that ‘The Government [should] view this matter seriously and have it dealt with purely from a business, utility and economic viewpoint’.[62] The Police Union continued its campaign to close the police horse stud into the first half of 1933 and appeared to exaggerate Rewan Station’s costs. The Evening News quoted the Police Union’s June meeting that hoped authorities ‘would have no hesitation selling the Rewan horse-breeding establishment, which was costing upwards of £50,000 a year [actually about £3470], a wasteful expenditure in a futile effort to prop up antiquated methods and ideas’.[63] In June 1933, the Home Secretary (Edward M Hanlon) was expected to confer with the Police Commissioner (William H Ryan, 1925-34) about the closure of Rewan Station.[64]
\nA galvanising factor in Rewan’s fate was the conviction of its officer-in-charge, Sub-Inspector Campbell, for tax fraud and his dismissal from the police force in August 1933. Thomas Jones, superintendent of the farm home for boys at Westbrook, was sent to Rewan to take charge.[65] His report on Rewan Station outlined the history of the breeding program and provided advice about future strategies. He found no misconduct in the management of the government’s cattle and horses. He advised that the station needed fencing and building repairs, and ringbarking. He concluded that:
\nRewan should be ringbarked and given a chance. The policy laid down when the place was first started was an admirable one and if carried out properly Rewan would be today ... doing well what was intended it should do. I... have no hesitation in saying that Rewan has not had a chance of carrying out its programme.... If it is decided to carry on it would not be difficult nor expensive to place the property under practical working conditions.... Had proper inspections been carried out the place would have been improved in every way instead of being allowed to drift.[66]
\nHowever, in the economic and political climate of 1933, Jones’ advice was not taken and the stud’s closure was announced in October 1933. The state was experiencing the worst worldwide economic depression since the 1890s. State-owned enterprises in general were out of favour after the failure of the Labor government’s State Enterprises initiatives (1915-1925).[67] Although Rewan Police Horse Breeding Station was not part of that scheme, there was a popular view that the Government should not run business enterprises. According to Home Secretary Hanlon, Rewan Station had cost £60,000 over its lifetime for a return of £33,000.[68] The reasons cited for the police horse stud’s closure were: its location was too inaccessible for regular inspection and regular control by officers of the department, and it had not produced horses suitable for North Queensland work.[69]
\nIn 1934, Rewan Station was divided into two pastoral properties and allocated by ballot. The value of improvements on Rewan Station at the time of its sale was £1570.16.[70] The building improvements were: the Commissioner’s Cottage comprising two rooms, bathroom and front verandah; Sub-Inspector Campbell’s Quarters comprising eight rooms, with front and side verandahs; Single Constables’ Quarters comprising two rooms, front verandah, small kitchen and an improvised room on the back verandah; a Meat House; three huts for native trackers’ accommodation; stabling accommodation for the stallions; and a number of sheds and yards.[71]
\nThe stud horses, cattle and plant were disposed of by September 1934. Of the horses: 39 went to Springsure as Police remounts; 34 were forwarded to Woorabinda Aboriginal Settlement; 12 were sold locally; and 263 were herded over the Carnarvon Range for auction at Charleville on 12 September 1934. During the journey, 25 died or were destroyed including the valuable stallions, ‘Had-I-Wist’ and ‘Ercanil’, and 11 foals; and 5 went missing (strayed or died). Of the 1464 cattle on Rewan Station: 121 were sold to Lakes Creek Meatworks; 13 bulls were sold to John Rewan Campbell of Rolleston; 1300 were transferred to Woorabinda Aboriginal Settlement; and 30 died. The proceeds of the livestock sales were £1240.6.10. Plant and loose tools were transferred to Woorabinda Aboriginal Settlement and to the Springsure Police Station to be used in police stations.[72]
\nDuring its lifetime, Rewan Police Horse Breeding Station bred, trained and supplied 1029 remounts to the QPF.[73]
\nBy the end of the 1930s, the QPF’s horse breeding program was remembered more positively. The Wingham Chronicle & Manning River Observer newspaper stated in 1938: ‘At Rewan some of the finest horses used in the Queensland Police Force were bred’.[74] In his 1941 obituary, Patrick Short, former Commissioner of Police (1921-25), was credited with making great improvements to Queensland police horses through the Rewan stud.[75]
\nFrom 1934 to 2019, Rewan Station has operated as a 17,500ha cattle property. In 2019, it retains three buildings from its former role as a police horse stud: the former Stables (1911), the former Commissioner’s Cottage (1911), and the Meat House (1918). These are the only built remains of a former police horse stud in Queensland and are important in demonstrating the Queensland Government’s policy, between 1904 and 1934, of breeding horses for the Queensland Police Force, an important organisation in Queensland history.
","criteria":"Rewan Police Horse Breeding Station (former) (1909-34), is important in demonstrating the Queensland Government’s policy of breeding horses, which were essential as transport, for the Queensland Police Force between 1904 and 1934. The place retains important surviving evidence of this rare police horse stud, which was constructed and maintained primarily by members of the Queensland Police Force, including: the former Stables (1911); the former Commissioner’s Cottage (1911); and a Meat House (1918).
|As one of only two police horse studs established in Queensland, and the only one with surviving structures, the Rewan Police Horse Breeding Station (former) is a rare example of a function that has always been uncommon.
|Rewan Police Horse Breeding Station (former) has a special association with the Queensland Police Force, an important organisation in Queensland history since its establishment in 1863. The Queensland Police Force established the stud in 1909, built most of its structures, and conducted the stud for 25 years to breed, train and supply horses to the Queensland Police Force for police work throughout the state, at a time when horses were vital to policing.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion B | Criterion H","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage | The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history"}, {"heritage_type":"State Heritage","site_id":null,"place_ref":650097,"name":"Duaringa State School","alternate_name":null,"street_address":"Charlotte Street","suburb":"DUARINGA","lga":"CENTRAL HIGHLANDS REGIONAL COUNCIL","register_entry_date":"2019-05-31","description":"Duaringa State School occupies a 4.45ha block in the small rural town of Duaringa, located c90km southwest of Rockhampton, on the Capricorn Highway. The school buildings are grouped together at the eastern end of the long, rectangular block, which slopes gently downward in a north-westerly direction. A variety of trees are scattered across the site, with denser clusters of trees and plantings along the front boundary and around the school buildings. A tennis court (pre-1933 site) and two playing fields (formed 1963-1971) occupy the centre of the school grounds. Between the two playing fields, a line of trees demarcates the original western boundary of the school site. The main entrance is via Charlotte Street to the north, with a secondary entrance from Elizabeth Street to the south. Fenced off areas, containing a preschool centre (1975, non-significant) and a swimming pool (1989, non-significant), occupy the eastern end of the grounds, along Edward Street.
\nThe features of state-level cultural heritage significance within the school complex are:
\nThe two buildings stand in alignment with each other, set back an equal distance from Charlotte Street. Both are visible from Charlotte Street, however a later, non-significant classroom wing (Block B) to the northwest of Block A partly blocks views of it. The residence stands to the east of Block A within a fenced yard, and a visual connection between the two buildings is retained.
\nBlock A (1899)
\nBlock A is a single classroom building with an open west verandah and an enclosed east verandah. Non-significant classroom blocks to the west of Block A are linked to its west verandah and form a U-shaped courtyard.
\nFeatures of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nElements not of state-level cultural heritage significance include: concrete and steel post stumps; enclosing walls on the east verandah; bag racks to the west verandah balustrade; louvre windows; timber awning windows; external fixed shade screen to the north wall; flat sheet wall and ceiling linings; built-in shelving; floor coverings; flush doors; and lighting and air-conditioning systems.
\nTeachers Residence (1899, with 1934 verandah addition)
\nThe residence faces north and is accessed by the front verandah and a rear entrance at the southeast corner. It comprises a four-room core of three bedrooms (one originally a sitting room) and a living room (former dining room); a rear wing containing a kitchen, pantry, store room (original bathroom) and bathroom (former servant’s room); an enclosed dining verandah between the core and rear wing; and an enclosed verandah along the eastern side (added 1934, enclosed 1937).
\nFeatures of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nElements not of state-level cultural heritage significance include: the rear laundry shed; water tanks and stands; security screens enclosing the front verandah; timber boards screening the underfloor area; flat sheet linings to eaves; enclosing wall at west end of dining verandah; non-original windows to bathroom, toilet and kitchen; aluminium sliding windows and security screens; aluminium awning windows; louvre windows; flush doors; flat sheet linings to walls and ceilings; floor coverings; enclosing walls of toilet; bathroom and toilet fitout; kitchen fitout; and lights, fans and air-conditioning units.
\nGrounds and views
\nIn 2019, Block A and the teachers residence remain in their original locations.
\nFeatures of state-level cultural heritage significance also include:
\nElements not of state-level cultural heritage significance include: all other buildings, sheds and structures; gardens; pathways; fencing; shade sails; playground equipment; and the current court surface and fencing to the tennis court.
","history":"Duaringa State School, which opened on its current site in 1899, is located in the small town of Duaringa, approximately 90km southwest of Rockhampton. The school is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture, as it retains an Early Department of Public Works (DPW) Timber School Building (Block A, 1899), with a contemporary Large DPW Teachers Residence (1899), set on a large site with an early tree planting, play areas and sporting facilities.
\nPart of the traditional land of the Gaangalu people,[1] the town of Duaringa was surveyed during the summer of 1875-6 as part of the westward extension of the Central Railway (originally called the ‘Great Northern Railway’), which had opened from Rockhampton to Westwood in 1867. Duaringa, previously known as ‘Colo’ or the ‘Dawson Seven-mile Camp’, was settled by Europeans in the 1860s as it was at the junction of two roads. Prior to that it had been a meeting place and a burial ground for the Gaangalu people. After a flood in early 1875 inundated the railway construction town of Boolburra, on the east bank of the Dawson River, the population relocated seven miles (11.3km) west to the Dawson Seven-mile Camp. This was surveyed and renamed Duaringa. When the railway opened to Duaringa on 28 March 1876, the town became the railhead for local wool shipments. A town reserve of four square miles (10.4km2), resumed from the Nundubbermere pastoral run, was declared on 30 October 1878. After the railhead moved west, Duaringa survived due to the local pastoral and timber industries, and was the administration centre for the Duaringa Shire Council.[2]
\nA provisional school opened at Duaringa on 3 June 1879, in a slab hut with a bark roof, on a site north of the railway which had previously been rejected as a school reserve.[3] The establishment of schools was considered an essential step in the development of new communities and integral to their success. Schools became a community focus, a symbol of progress, and a source of pride, with enduring connections formed with past pupils, parents, and teachers.[4] However, in 1892 the Duaringa provisional school was referred to as ‘a wretched tenement’, with 30-40 children in a building meant for 25. Although a building committee for a state school was formed in October that year, concerns about Duaringa’s permanence meant that an application for a state school was deferred, and instead the provisional school building was extended.[5]
\nFollowing increased confidence in the future of the town, in October 1898 a committee was elected to raise funds for the state school. In May 1899 the tender of JC Thomson, of £869 for a new school building and residence, was accepted. The school’s site, east of Edward Street and south of Charlotte Street, was 5 acres (2ha) by 1899.[6] The local community produced the required one-fifth of the building cost, and the new state school was completed in October 1899 and occupied the next month.[7] The front verandahs of both new buildings faced north, towards Charlotte Street.
\nTo help ensure consistency and economy, the Queensland Government developed standard plans for its school buildings. From the 1860s until the 1960s, Queensland school buildings were predominantly timber-framed, an easy and cost-effective approach that also enabled the government to provide facilities in remote areas. Standard designs were continually refined in response to changing needs and educational philosophy and Queensland school buildings were particularly innovative in climate control, lighting, and ventilation.[8]
\nThe school building at Duaringa (known as Block A in 2019) was an Early DPW Timber School Building. From 1893 the DPW greatly improved the natural ventilation and lighting of classroom interiors, experimenting with different combinations of roof ventilators, ceiling and wall vents, larger windows, dormer windows and ducting. Achieving an ideal or even adequate level of natural light in classrooms, without glare, was of critical importance to educators.[9] The timber-framed school building at Duaringa was lowset on stumps, and had a hipped roof with a central ventilation fleche, with the roof extending over the front and rear verandahs – both 9ft (2.7m) wide with a balustrade of timber rails. The rear verandah also had 4ft (1.2m) long semi-enclosed hat rooms, with hand basins, at each end. The single classroom’s interior measurements were 31ft by 18ft (9.5m by 5.5m); it had a coved ceiling; central double doors and two sets of three tall windows in each of the single-skin verandah walls; plus high banks of 14 windows to each end wall. The building was originally orientated so that the front verandah faced north.[10]
\nA school residence was built at the same time, and appears to be an early version of the DPW’s Large Timber Residence.[11] Most Queensland state schools incorporated a teacher's residence on the site, particularly in rural areas. This was partial recompense for a low wage, an incentive for teacher recruitment in rural areas, and provided onsite caretakers. The detached teacher’s residence was located within the school grounds at a distance from the teaching buildings, usually with a separate, fenced yard with gardens and trees. The designs ranged from one to four bedrooms and evolved simultaneously with the teaching buildings to adapt to modern needs and styles.[12]
\nLike the school building, the residence at Duaringa had a hipped roof with a matching central ventilation fleche, and was timber-framed and lowset on stumps. It consisted of a four room core (two bedrooms on one side, sitting and dining rooms on the other), with an 8ft (2.4m) wide front (north) verandah, while a 7ft 7 inch (2.3m) wide dining verandah separated the core from a kitchen wing with a gabled-roof, which contained the kitchen (with stove recess), a store, bathroom and a bedroom. There was a separate outdoor earth closet (EC). The interiors were lined with wide, tongue and groove (T&G) beaded boards, and the windows protected by timber, skillion-roofed hoods. The Duaringa residence is closest in form to a standard type that was built by the DPW from 1903 to 1914, but the fleche and the narrower width of the dining verandah are characteristic of its earlier date of construction.[13]
\nThe school soon became the focus of community events. By April 1900, when the average school attendance was 73, a ‘Christmas-tree show and competition’ was held in the school building, on Easter Monday night, to raise funds for wounded soldiers in South Africa (the Boer War).[14]
\nAdditions were made to the school grounds during the early 20th century, including a playshed, for which a tender was accepted in July 1901; and fencing of the school grounds occurred in 1904.[15] In 1911 a lawn tennis match was played between a visiting family and a local team ‘on the school court’, and by 1933 the tennis court site (extant in 2019) had been completed, with the school committee holding euchre parties and dances to raise funds for the court and tennis equipment.[16]
\nChanges to Block A to improve light and ventilation occurred in 1934, when average attendance was 43.[17] Annotations on 1934 plans indicate that the school building was rotated on the spot so that its front verandah faced east. Other alterations included removing the windows from the verandah walls; enlarging the area of windows in the end walls by lowering the sills and inserting new fanlights; and providing new window shades. This alteration to the end wall windows only occurred at the (now) northern end. A future extension of the southern end of the building, shown on the 1934 plan, did not proceed. The seating in the classroom was rearranged to face in two separate directions, so that the north and south windows were to the left of the students.[18] These changes accorded with the philosophy of the time. From around 1909 windows were rearranged and enlarged to provide a greater amount of gentle, southern light into the room and desks were rearranged so that the light would fall onto students’ left hand sides to avoid throwing shadows onto the pages; this presupposed that all students were right-handed.[19]
\nThe residence was also upgraded in 1934, with the addition of a verandah on the east side, with new stairs at its south end replacing the eastern steps of the dining verandah. The windows between the dining and sitting rooms and the new verandah were replaced with French doors.[20]
\nIn 1934 the school building and residence are both shown on a plan with small fenced gardens to their north. The school grounds at this time also included: a driveway towards the residence from Edward Street; a washhouse near the southeast corner of the residence; three earth closets south of the school buildings; a playshed west of the school building; a horse paddock in the northwest corner of the grounds; and a tennis court, 118ft by 50ft (36m by 15.2m) in size was located in the southwest corner of the grounds, about 100ft (30.5m) from George Street.[21]
\nSchool grounds were an important component of Queensland state schools. The early and continuing commitment to play-based education, particularly in primary school, resulted in the provision of outdoor play space and sporting facilities, such as ovals and tennis courts. Trees and gardens were planted to shade and beautify schools. In the 1870s, schools inspector William Boyd was critical of tropical schools and amongst his recommendations stressed the importance of adding shade trees to playgrounds. Subsequently, Arbor Day celebrations began in Queensland in 1890. Educators believed gardening and Arbor Days instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes, and inspired people to stay on the land.[22]
\nArbor days at Duaringa State School were celebrated with picnics, sporting activities, games, and by planting trees in the school grounds. During the very first Arbor Day in the year after the school opened, a bottle tree was planted, and was still extant in 1951. A photograph of the school building taken prior to it being rotated in 1934 shows open grassed areas with eucalypt trees scattered across the site, and ornamental trees with dense foliage planted around the east and north sides of the school building. Trees were sometimes sourced from far afield, for example, two trees planted at the 1938 Arbor Day celebrations were obtained from the Brisbane Botanic Gardens.[23]
\nVery little change to the buildings occurred at Duaringa State School between 1934 and the late 1950s, [24] although the eastern verandah of the residence was enclosed c1937.[25] Lights and electricity were installed at the school in 1956, and in 1958 a ‘new bathroom’ was added to the residence’s kitchen wing, in the former bedroom.[26] The first additional teaching building (called Block B in 2019) was erected in 1959, when the school’s average attendance was 57. Block B was erected northwest of Block A, which by this time had a small store enclosed at the north end of its east verandah. Blocks A and B were connected by a covered walkway. In 1962 Block B was raised and extended to the east (staff room with store under) and west (classroom), with a new covered way to Block A.[27] Block A was also altered in 1962, with louvre windows added to the east and west walls of the classroom.[28]
\nMore buildings were added to the school from the mid-1960s. A toilet block was installed in 1966, west of Block B, along with a septic system. A water closet was added to the bathroom of the residence at this time. A new highset teaching block (Block C in 2019) was built southwest of Block A in 1971, when the school’s average attendance was 101.[29]
\nThe school’s grounds were also augmented, being extended to the west in 1963, increasing the total size of the school to 7 acres (2.8ha). There was a cricket field on the additional land by 1966, and a bitumened parade area existed north of Block B (no longer extant).[30]
\nA variety of trees were planted in the school grounds over the decades, particularly along the front boundary and around the school buildings. A 1962 site plan plots the location and species of a number of trees, most of which no longer survive. However, one survivor is a mature Schotia brachypetala (also known as a parrot tree or kaffir bean) near the northeast corner of Block A. Schools in the Rockhampton region are reported as planting Schotia trees for Arbor Day in the 1930s to the 1950s. It is likely that this tree at Duaringa State School is a surviving Arbor Day tree from around this time.[31]
\nMore additions and changes to the school’s buildings occurred from the 1970s. A pre-school was built east of the residence in 1975; and Block C was extended to the west c1976, at which time Block A was converted into a library.[32] A new garage was added northeast of the residence by 1981, and in 1983 the wall to the eastern verandah of Block A, south of the store room, was removed, along with the louvre windows and double doors, while the verandah was enclosed with louvres and timber. A swimming pool was added to the southeast corner of the grounds in 1989, and a pottery shed was built between the residence and Block A by 1998.[33]
\nIn the first weekend in June 1979 the school celebrated its centenary since opening as a provisional school. Past pupils and staff attended, and buses were provided from Rockhampton. On the Saturday there was a procession from MacKenzie Park to the school, where the Premier, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, opened the celebration after lunch. This was followed by displays, performances, an afternoon BBQ and a Centenary Ball at the school. A gymkhana (horse events) was held at Duaringa on the Sunday.[34]
\nThe school grounds were extended west to Albert Street in 1981, absorbing seven more allotments of Section II, and a final allotment in Section II was added in 1986, forming the current 4.45ha.[35] In 2017 the school had an enrolment of 22 students.[36]
\nIn 2019, the school continues to operate from its 1899 site. It retains its original 1899 paired school building and residence, a tennis court in its pre-1933 location, and a mature schotia tree. Duaringa State School is important to Duaringa and district as a key social focus for the community, as generations of students have been taught there and many social events held in the school’s grounds and buildings since its establishment.
","criteria":"Duaringa State School (established in 1899) is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture in Queensland. The place retains representative examples of standard government designs that were architectural responses to prevailing government educational philosophies, set in large grounds with mature trees, play areas and sporting facilities.
\nThese standard designs include an Early Department of Public Works (DPW) Timber School Building (1899), which demonstrates the evolution of timber school buildings to provide adequate lighting and ventilation.
\nThe contemporary Large DPW Timber Teachers Residence (1899), an early version of a standard design, provides evidence of the Queensland Government’s policy of providing accommodation for married male head teachers as an inducement to teach in rural areas and to provide a resident caretaker on the site.
|Duaringa State School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early Queensland state school complex, comprising a pair of buildings designed by the DPW, located on a large site with mature trees, play areas and sporting facilities.
\nThe teaching building (Block A, 1899) is a standard Early DPW Timber School Building which, through its form and surviving features, has a high level of integrity. It demonstrates the principal characteristics of its type, which include: its lowset hipped-roof form with front and rear verandahs; ventilation fleche; timber-framed and -clad construction; original bank of high windows; single classroom; coved ceiling; and alterations to improve natural lighting and ventilation.
\nThe teachers residence (1899) is a good, intact example of a Large DPW Timber Teachers Residence with a later verandah extension (1934). It retains the principal characteristics of its type, including: its lowset, hipped-roof form; rear kitchen wing with gabled roof; ventilation fleche; front verandah; original joinery and internal linings; and its layout of rooms, including a four room core and a dining verandah. The 1934 verandah addition (enclosed c1937) is a characteristic example of an alteration that was commonly made to teachers residences to meet changing spatial and functional requirements.
\n|
Duaringa State School has a strong and ongoing association with past and present pupils, parents, staff members, and the surrounding community through sustained use since its establishment in 1899. The place is important for its contribution to the educational development of Duaringa, with generations of children taught at the school, and has served as a prominent venue for social interaction and community focus.
","criteria_letters":"Criterion A | Criterion D | Criterion G","criteria_definitions":"The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history | The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places | The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons"} ]}